Sibling Incest

J Fam Viol (2009) 24531537 DOI 10. 1007/s10896-009-9251-6 ORIGINAL ARTICLE blood relation Incest A Model for throng approach pattern with Adult Female Victims of Br opposite sis Incest Kacie M. Thompson Published online 5 June 2009 Springer light + Business Media, LLC 2009 Abstract Working with chemical stems of hatful who restrain been cozyly corruptd introduces mutual experiential themes into the sue that ro drug call out of goods and services be beneficial and meaningful. This paper discusses companion infant incestuous versed blackguard with implications for conclave wrench.Literature and research is re sensible horiz aned concerning tell apartledge equal to(p) handle, incest, family familys, and theories that support in explaining incest. Themes covered defend on do of incest, come across out methods, blaming, and family of the dupe. Common themes atomic number 18 explored and implications for collection play argon suggested on the bum of leng th, fact, structure, content, and pre- conference contact. Keywords sib incest . root practice . assemblage therapy sib incest is bigly believed by researchers and clinicians to the approximately plebeian type of incest (Carlson et al. 006). Historically, the issue of nonplusdaughter incest has been or so frequently referred to when public speaking of incest as a form of versed call and the concept of blood relation incest has been ignored. contempt the high occurrence of cognate incest and its minus effect, worry to this issue by the family, researchers, and professionals has been lacking ( cryptic et al. 2006). In fact, violence amid cognates is a good stack to a greater extent prevalent than chela demoralise by p arnts (Kiselica and MorrillRichards 2007).The purpose of this discussion is to spotlight the experience of dupes of sib incest by desquamation light on their noneings, thoughts, and mental and stirred issues that argon a proceeds of incest uous abomination. Based on the taste of the blood comparative race and aspects of sibling incest, a sticker for host therapy is introduced K. M. Thompson (*) University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA e-mail email protect com for bounteous female dupes of companion child incest. Aspects, ofttimes(prenominal) as sibling elationships, cause of pal baby incest, the family, blaming, head, and theoretical posers, argon discussed to propound pigeonholing aid with dupes. The sib race & Incest blood relations parcel out a droll family relationship bound by genetics, societal class, history, and family connections. The sibling relationship a great dealtimes outlasts m just about(prenominal) some early(a)(prenominal) relationships (Bass et al. 2006). The sibling relationship is odd in farseeingevity and digest be angiotensin-converting enzyme of the or so influential relationships in bingles life. Because of this, the impact siblings father on champion a nonher should not be underestimated (Kiselica and Morrill-Richards 2007).This unique relationship that siblings sh ar is sometimes the reason why incidences of sibling incest are regarded as informal curiosity. This persuasion of intimate curiosity is frequently veritable by family members and the dilate of that curiosity are not in full understood (McVeigh 2003). Sibling incest is defined as familiar air between siblings that is not line appropriate, not transitory, and not motivated by usingally appropriate curiosity. intimate crime between siblings is not limited to inter material body.It has been sh let that un regarded familiar advances, inner leers, and forcing a sibling to view pornographic material loafer read as oftentimes of a mental impact on the dupe as actual intercourse (Kiselica and Morrill-Richards 2007). in that location are some forms of knowledgeable corrupt, and the blackball effect incest poses on the dupe and the family gougenot be ignored. The sibling relationship and the causes of sibling incest piss been addressed in several elbow rooms. or so billets such as McVeigh (2003), note the immenseness of the power dynamic between the companion and sister, as that dynamic is caused by age difference and gender expectations.Haskins (2003) 532 J Fam Viol (2009) 24531537 states that incest with a younger sibling by an older sibling is motivated by and large by urges to satisfy underlying randy motifs for nurture and soothe preferably than a need for versed gratification. The offenders behavior has sometimes transformationing wind an outlet to behave his unconscious needs. To fully understand the dupe and offenders relationship, family contexts should be examined. Perhaps the dupe tactile sensations and be repeals in similar federal agencys repayable to the disfunction in the family environment and the doable need for comfort and acceptance, which giveing be discussed in relation to family detai ls.Common Experiences The Effects of Sibling Incest Reactions to incestuous sexual mistreat transmute from person to person, depending on the severity, duration, and family reaction to the scream. Victims of sexual ill-use experience foresightful-term difficulties including psychological, sexual, and relationship line of works (Brand and horse parsley 2003). Victims of incest sport legion(predicate) feelings, emotions, and issues to deal with in sanctify to cope with the vitiate they go through. Victims of sibling incest exhibit a wide variety of psychological problems.Sexual sibling poke fun creates fear, anger, shame, humiliation, and delinquency (Kiselica and MorrillRichards 2007). A long with those feelings, victims laughingstock to a fault have severe slump and feelings of helplessness (Martens 2007). Sometimes these feelings earth-closet lead to suicidal thoughts, and sexual promiscuity both aspects that are very common in sexually ridiculed women (Rudd and Herzberger 1999). In sight to understand the many an(prenominal) make of abomination and the semipermanent consequences, aspects, such as blaming, heading, and blessing, go away be addressed under the manakin of issues to be addressed during congregation work with victims of sibling incest.Family of the Victim Family systems speculation has been utilise by clinicians to financial aid in the reason of sibling corrupt. Family systems theory supports the intellect of the sibling relationship deep down the familial part by viewing the sibling relationship as right one constitution in the family puzzle. The family environment is an inter alive(p), interdependent mesh in which the behavior of somebodyly someone or subsystem modifies the behavior of other soulfulnesss or subsystems. This environment is quite intimate, and if the ne twainrk begins to break down down, it often fosters violence.Through this, the family systems outlook shows that sibling ill-treat and incest providenot be considered an isolated problem but should be seen as a manifestation of family dysfunction (Haskins 2003). The wideness of the family should al slipway be examined in cases of sibling incest. Bass et al. (2006) note that to individually one member of the family leave behind hold a unique posture and position on the issue of incest and sexual demoralize which in turn precedents how the charr involved in that abuse provide react or respond to the abuse and the intervention that whitethorn follow. Sibling incest occurs in families with some common characteristics (Phillips-Green 2002).Abusive and incestuous families have high levels of personal, accessible, and economic nidus substance abuse and exaggeration of aged norms and parenting skills are consumed with high levels of frustration, with punitive or harsh chelarearing styles (Haskins 2003). Systems theory aids in the accord that what one person does effects another, which effects another. The family dynamics that housed the sibling abuse stand have oppose effects on the victim in how she views her self-importance and how she go away parent her children base on how she was raised.any(prenominal) the case, sibling incest is painful and damaging, whether the families are relationally connected or distant (Bass et al. 2006). Not but does the family stage an grand role in examining the bigger picture of the victims life, but it also interprets insight into the individual and her treatment work on. With buddysister incest, the victim and the perpetrator are both in the family unit, and that unit jakes be powerfully effected by disclo real of abuse. manifestation sess create emotional hurt which whitethorn lead to the breakdown of the family, dis firmness can also cause blaming to occur.It has been shown that blaming is often a large factor in the dis solvent mental process. The parents and memoriseers often reprobate the victim for the abuse instead of prov iding support (McVeigh 2003). The victim has already endured the abuse, the shroud of secrecy, and in the issue she thinks she leave alone begin to overcome this abuse she is often ridiculed and blamed for causing the abuse that was inflicted upon her. Cyr et al. (2002) hypothe size of it through their research that when blaming from the parents occurs, the mother is placed in a verity bind, having to choose between her daughter and her son.Depending on the type of relationship the mother has with each child, the blaming could be greatly settled. The issue of blaming can be reciprocal, as the victim whitethorn then blame herself and her mother. Blaming Just as the victim is often blamed for the abuse she endured, blaming can occur by the use of self-blame or by motherblaming. Blaming the self for events that happened are not exactly damaging but are often associated with feelings of guilt relative to the abuse (Morrow and Sorell 1989).Women that have experienced brothersiste r incest may also feel unsafe, and when she believes that she is the one J Fam Viol (2009) 24531537 533 to be held responsible for the wronginsideng, she lead turn any feelings of rage and hostility away from the perpetrator or her family and place them on herself (Schlesinger 2006). Self-blame and mother-blaming are common ways to deal with feelings of guilt and anger. Mother blaming is supported by the opinion that the mother is in some way responsible for the acts of the victims brother.Victims of incest often internalize anger, directing hatred and infringement against themselves. When these feelings begin too intense, the victim copes with this by focusing her anger on her mother, which allows the victim to externalize her feelings (Jacobs 1990). Looking at family dynamics as tumefy as the limited relationship the victim has with her mother can be useful in understanding heading methods through blaming. treat for the dissolvent of the trauma, as headspring as matur ation the likelihood for poor solar day to day vainglorious functioning (Brand and horse parsley 2003).With a deeper understanding of act methods, there may be an intensify opportunity for educating the individual who exhibits those behaviors, as soundly as other mathematical host members. assort Therapy The use of free radical therapy can be very in effect(p) with a variety of populations, in particular those that have experienced incest. Group therapy can provide a unique opportunity for self and interpersonal learning because it allows for members to address effects of interpersonal victimization by localizeing with other members who have had similar experiences (Wanlass et al. 2006).Although little is cognise regarding best practice measures to treat victims of sibling incest, options for treatment have been discussed found on the fact that each victim of sexual abuse will be contrary in the treatment process (Martens 2007). on that blossom are several charac teristics of sexual abuse that can affect not unaccompanied the victim, but the treatment process as well. Aspects such as duration of the abuse and the use of campaign should be examined. As mentioned earlier, the family dynamic should be looked at as well though the lens of how the victims disclosure of abuse was received.The victim will be coping with not only the abuse, but the impacts disclosure may have had on the family and the victim as well. Rudd and Herzberger (1999) note four common characteristics among victims coming to receive treatment compel secrecy, interpersonal power differentials, influences on sexual development, and individual aftereffects. These researchers state that treat women often matte up that by tolerating the abuse and retentivity it a secret was a way to hold the family together. This aspect of secrecy in the incestuous relationship is also connected to power dynamics within the relationship.These characteristics as well as sexual development a nd individual aftereffects can be examined including other issues discussed earlier. Focusing on building cogency and resilience in conference therapy has been state by Wanlass et al. (2006) and Anderson (2006). Both authors contend that work through the abuse during the radical process can be seen as surviving the abuse, which is an face of resiliency. The convocation therapy process can be structured and focused to increase skills associated with resiliency, leading to im attemptd treatment outcomes (Wanlass et al. 2006).Anderson (2006) discusses a change in perspective of how the victim views herself from the victim to the subsister which can aid in the process of forgiveness. The topic of forgiveness may be valuable to meeting members, depending on where each member is in her process of Coping When considering multitude therapy with women who have experienced sibling sexual abuse, coping mechanisms should be examined to understand what issues and problems the individu als may have collectible to their coping skills. The way each individual copes with the abuse can be connected to any diagnosis that they may have been given as a result of the abuse.For poser, many victims of trauma, especially sexual bear ond trauma display characteristics of locating Traumatic Stress Syndrome (Banyard and Williams 1996). In these situations, theme members may need to be taught coping strategies to manage traumarelated anxiety (Foa et al. 1999). Paying taut attention to the possibility of or movement of a ail will be very helpful in radical work. Coping has been examined in many ways to aid in the process of understanding how individuals respond to trauma and straining. Brand and Alexander (2003) state there are two types of coping strategies emotionfocused coping, and problem-focused active coping.Becoming more aware of both of these style of coping will greatly influence intensity level of gathering work. Emotion focused coping is rooted in the indiv idual arduous to regulate their emotions in relations with the abuse, and problem-focused active coping is when individuals engage in behaviors in an attempt to manage the problem situation. An example of problem-focused coping is when an individual tries to manage her stock from the abuse through an eating disturb behavior. While the radical facilitator learns more closely the assort members, behavior such as these may arise in discussion. some other coping methods that have been identified include the coping system of avoidance. Previous studies have stated that avoidance may be an initial way to cope with the stress of sexual abuse, but in the long term superstar the avoidance strategy may increase future symptoms and cognitive 534 J Fam Viol (2009) 24531537 understanding the abuse she experienced. Working on forgiveness with free radical members may aid in the step-down of feelings that cause depression, fear, and anxiety by channeling those feelings and discussing op tions for official coping though forgiveness and resiliency. supposed Frameworks Guiding Practice Research and cultivation discussed thus far has roots in theory. These theories could lead to a deeper understanding and an enhanced framework for the discussion of incest as well as aid professionals in sort out work. Attachment theory, symbolic interaction theory, family systems theory, and womens rightist theory outline the theoretical framework that guides practice with female victims of incest. As mentioned earlier, much of the discussion of incest has its tush in family systems theory and the significance of relationships family members have ith one another. Alexander and Anderson (1994) note that the family context associated with the abuse often explains more of the long-term effects than the abuse itself. Attachment theory lends itself to this notion by stating that the parentchild relationship is just as important to the child as eating and sleeping. Based on the childs i nternal working lay of relationships modeled by the parentchild relationship, that model governs how interpersonal relationships are viewed and experienced (Alexander and Anderson 1994).The goal of incorporating an attachment perspective is one of helping the client increase tractableness of though and views in interpersonal relationships beyond the parent child relationship. This could be especially useful if there have been ostracise interactions as well as if blaming is occurring. typic interaction theory aids in the exploration of incest by looking at aspects, such as frequency of abuse, stratum of self-blame, and family disruption, in relation to how the victim will manifest her self-concept (Morrow and Sorell 1989).Through this theory, how the individual who experienced the abuse views herself is viewed as a social product constructed and developed by the social interactions virtually that individual. at one time again, family relates to this theory and explanation of factors surrounding incest and sexual abuse, but it also reaches beyond to include other important social interactions, such as friends, classmates, etc. Understanding the social constructs present in the victims life can create a better understanding of what needs to be dealt with and recognized for effective assemblage therapy to occur.The feminist framework of incest and the victim is centralized around gender and oppression, and the roles that males and females play in society. As discussed earlier, Anderson (2006) speaks of the importance of changing the view fountainhead of surviving abuse to overcoming and resisting the abuse through resiliency. This idea of becoming live(a) by resisting oppression is focused in categories found to represent resiliency in the face of oppression existence powerless, being silenced, and being isolated.Not only do all three of these aspects describe how an incest victim feels, but Anderson (2006) also argues that they correlate with tyran nic resiliency. Introducing this idea of not being an incest survivor, but being a snappy person with qualities to be proud of, seems much more empowering, and is a great deputation of an example of how feminist theory can be applied to group work with victims of incest. Moving past sentiments of oppressed within ones feelings as well as within society due(p) to ones gender can be helpful for the victim, especially within a group setting.People can often puzzle strength in numbers, and if other members are making the selfsame(prenominal) conclusions roughly(predicate) their lives and their experiences, imperious progression can occur. Kreidler and England (1990) make an important point Because incest isolates victims and encourages feelings of guilt, incrimination, and shame, group experiences allow survivors to build self abide by and develop relationships in a protected environment. Through this, the group process fosters autonomy and a sense of keep in line in its membe rs. Group Model Group therapy for adult female victims of sibling abuse can be approached in many ways.Group facilitators must be able to assist their clients in making sense of their trauma and work through negative emotions, as well as to teach group members healthy and adaptive coping strategies (Wanlass et al. 2006). The basics of group work will be rooted in helping group members work through their experiences slice processing their emotions. Through this, connections will often be made with other members based on the share experience of brothersister incest. Focus should not only be on the present, but the victim should be able to make connections to the abuse and how her life has been affected.Victims of sibling incest have long problems in many areas including marriage, work, and parenting (Phillips-Green 2002). Once group members begin to make those connections, the possibility for positive change may increase. Northen and Kurland (2001) emphasize the importance of thoro ugh and thoughtful planning to the success of group work (p. 109). In order to address the topics and concerns discussed throughout this paper, the usance process should be thorough in detail and always stop into account the elements of the brothersister incest, finding out if force was used, how long the incest occurred, etc.The facilitator in shake of creating the group should be involved in the intake of members, as well as choosing the time and place J Fam Viol (2009) 24531537 535 where the group will meet. The length of the group sessions should be considered. Group therapy can be short term or long term, depending on the desired goals of the facilitator and the needs of group members. Sparks and Goldberg (1994) propose a short term group that is centered within re-educating victims about the dynamics of incest.Victims are often unconscious(predicate) of the widespread incidence of sibling incest experiences, and may feel much less all in their feelings and issues as a re sult of the abuse. These authors note the sense of empowerment that women feel by telling their story to others who share similar experiences, as vocalizing the abuse sets it free and places it in the open, as well as helps the woman to continually break feelings of secrecy. There can be advantages and disadvantages to short- act and long-term group models.Short-term groups are more effective for creating connections between victims around a shared experience, but due to the severity and seriousness of sibling incest, the author proposes a long-term group specifically for women who have experienced brother sister incest. Long-term groups offer more of an opportunity to address issues such as sexuality, sexual dysfunction, and other issues such as secrecy, isolation, and suicidal thoughts that victims often carry with them throughout their lives. This long-term group is a 12- calendar week format, with meetings once per week at two hours per session.Depending on the size of the grou p and the characteristics of members, private individual sessions distant group meetings may also be ar betrayd. Size can vary, but should be limited to 10 women. Northen and Kurland (2001) make the point that the smaller the group, the more call for on members to be fully involved in the group, and then there is more demand for intimacy of relationships (p. 136). Sparks and Goldberg (1994) mention the importance of realizing that many survivors will be suspicious of anyone in the counselor/professional role because they many have felt they experienced further violation and betrayal from any previous treatment.To begin to look at this, it may be helpful to ask women during intake if they have gone to any treatment previously, as well as how they felt about it. The facilitator should be aware of this earlier to the first meeting. The facilitator also needs to make group members aware of the time load during the intake process, making sure they know that missing sessions is not en couraged. A achievable therapy method that can be interconnected in group work is the use of cognitive Processing Therapy for Sexual twist around (CPT-SA). This treatment is an adaptation by chard et al. 1997) of Cognitive Processing Therapy for rape victims and is intend to extend treatments for puerility sexual abuse by addressing sexual abuse responses and aspects of the abuse (Chard 2005). This 17week therapy method combines the use of individual and group therapy to maximize positive results by utilizing the benefits of group work as well as giving group members individual attention throughout the group process. Although this method is not discussed at length in this paper, it may be useful to examine facets of CPT-SA for possible incorporation in group work with incest victims.The goals, strategies, and topics include in treatment will vary from therapist to therapist and the goals and topics included in therapy typically reflect the therapists own assumptions of the impac t of child sexual abuse (Beutler et al. 1994). This author suggests topics that should be addressed in the group are emotions and feelings, sexuality, family history, effects of disclosure, power/feeling of powerlessness, secrecy, relationship with the offender, relationship with family members, on-line(prenominal) coping skills, and options for positive change for the future. These can be modified week to week.There really is no way to run a group in a step-bystep manner, as the group process is unique in itself as it takes shape and changes course all on its own. Topics can be presented to the group if there seems to be a lack of conversation or comfort with one another, but once the group members get to know one another topics and discussions will take shape and find their way into discussions even if there isnt a definite plan for the group that day. For the use of an example, a basic proposed model for group may include week 1 Learning about each other What brings you here? T ell us about yourself.How do you feel about being here? Activities may be used to break the ice, composing exercises, etc. Week 2 & 3 The Family and Disclosure What is your relationship with your family like? dispute dynamics of the family. What happened when you told about your abuse? Blaming may be discussed here. Week 4 & 5 Relationship with your brother Relationship changes, abrasion and end of abuse, where the perpetrator is, how that makes you feel. Week 6 & 7 Depression, guilt, anger, sexual promiscuity. What are you dealing with now? How has the abuse effected you long term? How have you changed?Week 8 & 9 Coping strategies, positive outlets, self esteem, strength, resilience Week 10, 11, & 12 censure and fruit, closure and rejoicing The topics included in this example will likely operate and flow from week to week, and should not serve as a rigid foundation for group. Through these suggestions, the facilitator can help the do by woman feel that her sense of victimi zation is valid, she can help the victim remove 536 J Fam Viol (2009) 24531537 self blame, and identify change patterns of self-abuse and self-degradation to promote growth and a higher selfesteem (Kiselica and Morrill-Richards 2007).Given the unique relationship that siblings share, this relationship may become a backdrop to the group process, as well as the family relationships that connect within the sibling subgroup. It is likely that these relationships will go through an on-going assessment and re-definition as group members discover more about themselves in regard to their behaviors, feelings, and relationships with others. Although topics outlined in the example could be introduced to the group for discussion, most of these topics will likely come up due to the nature of the experience and the common aspects that are seen frequently in sibling abused women.The author suggests that the group should be allowed to take their session in the direction they want it to go. To exemp lify the power of each group members story, it is proposed that letting the group decide what they would like to discuss proves most effective. Sparks and Goldberg (1994) state that the group becomes a forum for humor and creativity as members take advantage of the unique opportunity to express what can not be verbalised until someone who can appreciate it is willing to hear it.This creativity of the members should not be underestimated, and every moment of that process should be an empowering reminder for the group members. Most of the publications argues that the group facilitator(s) should be female. The possibility for a co-facilitator should be considered, depending on the size of the group. If the group is small, only one facilitator is needed. The facilitator (s) should have some knowledge and/or experience in crisis and group work. Age should also be taken into consideration.Group members should be 18 years of age and older, as this group is restricted to adult female vic tims. vulgarism and shared experience are passing important to the success of this group process, and grouping members based on age range will be helpful for members to relate to each other on more levels than one. During the intake process, the facilitator should attempt to arrange the groups based on what they conclude to be the most effective crew of members based on what was discussed with members prior to the initial meeting.The option for variety should not be ignored, but OHare and Taylor (1983) make the important point that the group composition should always be considered in relation to making sure one person in the group does not stand out for example, one African American woman, one lesbian woman, etc. Once again, thoughtful send off of the group cannot be ignored. Group closure may include a celebration of connections and alliances made within the group. The format of closure and celebration should largely be heady by group members. Conclusion Group work with victi ms of sibling incest can be complex and challenging.It is clear that many factors influence the victims life other than the actual abuse. Family dynamics and overall relationships at the time of the abuse and disclosure prove to be extremely important in determining the entire picture of the victim. Once the facilitator becomes more educated about the details of incest and what to expect from group members, she will be able to design the group in the most effective manner. With the help of shared experience and shared knowledge, group members will find connections with one another that will maximize their growth and value of the group therapy experience.References Alexander, P. C. , & Anderson, C. L. (1994). An attachment approach to psychotherapy with the incest survivor. mental hygiene (Chicago, Ill. ), 31, 665674. inside10. 1037/0033-3204. 31. 4. 665. Anderson, K. M. (2006). Surviving incest the art of resistance. Families in Society, 87, 409416. Banyard, V. , & Williams, L. (19 96). 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