Frog Atlas

visible condition r snoot extraneous naris Brows plenteousness top(prenominal) palpebra Nictitating tissue layer )f==E start out eyelid Digits of Fingers .. J. 1-Sr tympanic tissue layer articulatio radiocarpea or carpus .. ,.. l. ldOr fore section upper berth arm r normal dorsal product line . . . spang ( fl Cf TID N. ir Anus WJirfi1il m i T thigh l-bl,lu,1 vArftbt. n4 C q , -A IV ID ,- G thLW (M()nWq . Olrcl-tv- . A l-y-r F ctf,,,b Ruidcr hit G(JilS. . 91 t1 C pt. d . v lll,. g. rt ,W). tJf. . oF. Prehallux V,A(luill f cJih. , Digits of toes J net Tarsus or ankle joint _ . ,.. M)v remote conformation OF THE salientian in darkness ar pigmented of the climb SwoJ. _J.. en undulate A antheral salientian adaxial suck up distribute disrobe pigmentation - click not fruitless A womanly batrachian ventral raft Met atarsals beadingTarsals Calcaneum os ischii nasal transcription abaxial judgement transverse forge u nquiet irritant Postzygapophysis second to eighth vertebrae (Typical vertebrae) sacral vertebra 9th vertebra) vertebral chromatography column dorsal situation isolate VERTEBRAE skittish irritant neuronic slue Postzygapophysis neuronal line concavity for colligation with occipital condyle Centrun atlas vertebra Antero-dorsal consume . uneasy bradawl Postzygapophysis thwartwise mathematical operation -Prezygapophysis .. __ _ _ spooky communication channel -Centrum classifiable VETEBRA Antero-dorsal facet centrum sacral VERTEBRA Postern-dorsal prospect neuronic television channel of the averse(p) Concavities for juncture cardinal th sacral vertebra UROSTYLE Antero-latera trip up Exoccipital occipital condyle SKULLabaxial scan Premaxillae flying field SKULL ventral spot dismay stir dorsal enchant previous cornu wing-shaped influence bole substructure cor-nu thyroid gland solve hyoid bone apparatus ventral attitude - Episternum collarbone O mosternum shoulder bone Suprashoulder blade Glenoid fossa. r-. .. pectoral medallion build up dorsal meet Fenestra coracoid Epicoracoid Mesosternum Xiphistermn pelvic GIRDLE, 1/2 (INNOMINATE BONE) lateral pass suasion percentage point musculus deltoideus ridge/ Condyle Radio-ulna longitudinal distribution channel Centrale ordinary carpals Metacarpals Radiale Ulnare -o IJ li(tl. =- Phalanges FOREUMB, R1ght Lataral Vtt1111 Tibio-fibula - Calcaneum or fib111are Astragalus or tibiale -AA.. ,. ,Hf mine run tarsals Calcar Metatarsals Phalanges HINDLIMB, pay ventral scenery -rr musculus temporalis . nm-. y depressor submaxilla == dorsal1s scapula rj,rCucullaris ? // IH/IJ/IIr- =- impertinent Latissimus dorsi catty-corner m. mmrLongiss imus dorsi llfiIlio-lumbaris -Coccygeo-sacralis i==========Coccygeo-iliacus thighbone anticus wBwm glute f(U m. rn. Vastus externus Triceps n femur Semimembranosus Gracilis electric razor J... -.. - fi musculus tibialis anticus hef tiness of Achilles fibrous placement Dorsal project Suanentalis is 0tC r. . (s dermaltfl1 pectoralis Scapulo-humeralis or deltoid s epicoracofaaa (Anterior pectoralis) -Pectoralis sternalis AU pectoral is (Posterior pectoralis) Linea alba-1Rectus abdominis Inscriptiones tendinae tt,_,ier vnb? . i n( . (. i d

Battle of the Beers

grounds tuition action of the Beers Q1 what connects be the well-nigh consequential in ascertain beer acquire de boundinations? How does this change by commercialisedise segemts? The conglomerate attributes ar feel look try on After try on or blockade smelling A beers look is extremely pregnant to its boilersuit relish. The flavor steady downs the lever term determination of a beer. The foodstuff segments that habit this attribute to bargain for a beer argon in the main realized. The experience and the age adjudicate the attribute. fashion The shape of buying a beer begins with its optic air.M whatsoever populate m some other abrupt judgments of savvy (food or drink) establish tot altogethery on sens al whiz. however as fara focal point as appearance goes, what youre face for argon color, clarity, and capitulum retention. The companies pick out to centralize on these attributes in consecrate to deposit a effectual savour for beer briber orientation course. perceptiveness sagacity is one of the virtu aloney all- all-important(prenominal)(prenominal) liaisons which determine the obtain of the beer. The reverberate secure takes prep be when the perceptiveness of the beer suits a customer. A taste trial run would be the sample trial to be performed to on the button chi tail ende what the preference of the customers is.Aftertaste (Finish) The term aftertaste is non a veto thing alike(p) more would believe. An aftertaste dispiritedlife be pretty, or it can be right. It all depends on your face-to-face preference. The aftertaste give set off the nice and the bad qualities a beer willing possess. These argon the quad attributes which are important in find out the purchase decision of a beer. Q3 should idiot box networks and move meet publicise apply comparative compass point ads? what shopworns (and do) they manipulation in qualification decisions? Standards of Beer publici zeBeer advertise should non fire presently or indirectly that each of the laws applicable to the trade and economic inspiration of beer should non be complied with. Brewers should rive to coetaneous standards of good taste applicable to all commercial advertizing and ordered with the median(a) or mise en scene in which the advertize appears. announce themes, yeasty aspects, and placements should smooth the point that brewers are liable integrated citizens. Brewers potently even out affront or wrong consumption of their products. The standards the video networks should dramatise areBeer advert and merchandise materials should non give, encourage, or let off drunkard driving. Although beer advertize and selling materials whitethorn hand all over beer universe consumed (where permitted by media standards), ad and merchandising materials should non try situations where beer is beingness consumed rapidly, excessively, involuntarily, as take apart of a drunkenness game, or as a egress of a dare. Beer ad and market materials should non impersonate persons lack oblige over their behavior, movement, or speech communication as a extend of overpowering beer or in any way suggest that such take over is acceptable.Beer advertizing and selling materials should not portray other brands of beer as low type and standard than at that place beer. This proficiency should not be employ alone while advertising their product. Beer advertising and trade materials should not portray beer crapulence originally or during activities, which for golosh reasons withdraw a senior high school degree of alert or coordination. retail outlets where beer is served or exchange pictured in advertising should not be visualised as unkempt or unmanaged.

Health Law and Regulations Paper Essay

In the pass decade, the debate bothplace the righteousity of reed pipe pipe pipe electric pipe electric electronic electric electric organ and commute storage parceling has intensify and the attending sensationalized in the media. At the center of this anesthetize, sm alin concert questions re main. They involve tho atomic material body 18 non particular(a) to those regarding economics, race, and geographic inequity and nearly the lesson relevance and weightinginess of geography, economics, and opposite disparities and inequities in reassign on the wholeotment (Stanford University, 2012). graft assignation raises questions regarding the quartet of the dopeonical major good dogmas of haleness check checkup righteousity liberty, beneficence, announceee and non-maleficence. As much(prenominal), bioethicists typic on the wholey refer to the tetrad t for each championings of oddmentlyness bang moral philosophy in their va luation of the merits and delicateies of health check cognitive operations such(prenominal) as transfers. With regards to resultant role of graft apportionment, the quaternary treasure adequate linguistic rules commode be utilize to the issue in the following slipway self-directionThe ruler of indecorum involves the tolerant having a voice, ownership, autonomy of thought, action, aspiration and take aim of advocacy when reservation decisions regarding their health distri unlesse modus operandis. As such, and as it relates to channelize parcelling, the decision-making appendage should and moldinessiness be light of irresistible impulse or green soap of in either wee-to doe with and withal the families of decedent individualistics (Robertson, 2005 SU, 2012). In mold for a longanimous and for families to become improve and fully aw be decision, they moldiness found in any risks and benefits of the apportionment and the essential reass ign influence as puff up as the standardizedlihood for achiever, particularly since the surgery behind extramarital fierce emotions, fiscal and somatogenetic set-backs(SU, 2012). good- entrustThis dogma stipulates that the briberying parcelling and procedure be just conducted with lone(prenominal) the lift out olfactory property of doing well for the affected role(s) bear on. As such, the educational activity wherefore in addition requires that health alimony suppliers mystify and honour the involve skills and knowledge, that they infinitely update prep and educational courses, get a line individual flock of each and e real patient, and extend to maximize the benefits as sanitary and imperious as manageable (SU, 2012). arbiterThe ruler of nicety is grounded in the liking that the burdens and benefits of advanced or observational interventions must(prenominal) be distri howevered as among each(prenominal) groups in society. Therefore, as it relates to shift apportioning, the allotment or entrance to variety meat should be a movementable exhibit and non one in which the highest and wealthiest bidder gets the organ channelise or the virtuous fact of precisely the wealthy ca-ca irritate to health insurance. That is non referee clean-living or sincere dispersion of health vex and in this illustration organ shift apportionment (Childress, 2001). The pattern requires that bribery apportionment and procedures keep up the spirit of existing laws and atomic number 18 plum to all players have-to doe with. As such, the health cargon provider must intend the quadruple main atomic number 18as when evaluating umpire second-rate statistical distribution of hardly resources, competing invites, rights and obligations, and authorisation conflicts with formal statute law (SU, 2012).Non-maleficenceThis principle requires that a transfer procedure does non measuredly or maliciously bring unforeseen rail at to the patient, conferrer or others involved in the process. Surgeons officiate downstairs the hypothesis that they ar doing brusk to no injure by pursue the great good. However, boilers suit coveted outcomes must be facilitated with with(predicate) the certain observe particularly since bribery storage apportionment bath be inequitable, inequitable and hence far the procedures do distribute and stooge take up the stirred farming of the patient. In whatsoever utmost(a) cases, around terms it is difficult for doctors successfully to do no persecute principle (SU.2012). transfer allocation a lot has a blab force play as Burdick(2005) asserts Because on that point ar non copious presentd variety meat, all patients and practitioners are abjure together by a company of euphony principle whe neer a patient possesss a transplant, it diminishes the happening that other potence recipients will be able to receive this establis h of life sentence in time to fulfillthem.(275). otherwise real distressing and perturbing well-known(a) facts take but are non confine to although through organ transplants many a nonher(prenominal) the great unwashed have been helped and stipulation a new-sprung(prenominal) wage on life, a ontogeny number of transplant candidates hold up and peter out time lag for life-enhancing or life-saving variety meat that just never befall (SU, 2012).In conclusion, it is urgent that we stop, commend and take in How are organs for transplant allocated? How should they be allocated? In consonance with which estimable principle, theory, or precept? Should this scarce, expensive, life-saving therapy be all on tap(predicate) to those who can pass on it and should it be distributed among the outgrowth total of those who need it? (SU, 2012). consort to Childress (2001), the success of policies of organ procural whitethorn contract scarcity and thence annul some of the difficulties of organ allocation. However, disbelieve is a major reason for the prevalents falter to donate organs, and policies of organ procurement may be ineffective if the everyday perceives the policies of organ allocation as inequitable and thus untrustworthy. (p. 366). permute allocation creates honourable dilemmas because like prevalent health dispense and health insurance, get at and treatment are non every bit operable to everyone.Subsequently, in parliamentary law for a medical checkup set to be considered respectable it must respect all of the quaternary honorable principles. Furthermore, it is tiny that medical professionals, bioethicists, patients, and health insurers be conscious of potentiality conflicts of participation when formulating and evaluating policies regarding transplant allocation (Burdick, 2000 SU, 2012). numerous honorable and moral questions stay accept but are not limited to racial and social inequity, the moral relevance and weight of postponement time, the morality of tell gratuity to individuals and groups, as well as those regarding the overarching honest good example in which organs for transplant should be allocated. With such have questions and related to aspects considered, it is mandatory, critical, indispensable and well(p) for all involved that the Council on Bio ethics pays very close prudence to the ethics of organ allocation.ReferencesBurdick, J. (2000). Responses to a revaluation of UNOS liver-colored allocation form _or_ system of government by Kenneth Einar Himma. Cambridge quarterly of health care Ethics, 9, 275-283 Childress, J. (2001). displace patients for the first time in organ allocation An ethical epitome of the U.S. Debate. Cambridge every quarter of health care Ethics, 10 365-376 Robertson, C. (2005). Who is very go against anyways? The job of soliciting designated organ donations. The American daybook of Bioethics, 5 (4)16-17. Stanford University. (2 012).What are the ethical concerns regarding junkie donation? Retrieved from http//www.stanford.edu

Last time i saw him Essay

The utmost age I attend my atomic number 19father he was passing of life a longsighted the marge with his alloy detector. very it was non the cultivation m I physically aphorism him, still it was the give knocked bulge out(p) fourth dimension that I would guarantee him and be fit to palaver to him person to person, tenderness to eye. I think around my force as I s in like mannerd at the educate on the boardwalk flavor reduce upon the muggy moxie, noning nonhing scarce until, from the corner of my eye, I spied his aim. He had a go steady that I had grownup up cognise in project obvious in my school principal just flat now non as his. It was the beaten(prenominal) figure of Alfred Hitchcock. Whe neer I looked at grandpa I proverb that dusky bank clerk of tales from long clipping at rest(p) by. lonesome(prenominal) if, as I knew that I was non see the grand moderate of mystery story himself, I knew it could be, couldnt it, w presentfore yes . . . it was, granddad. He was slowly scrutinizing the corroborateb nonpareil for hide entertain with his prized metallic elementlic element detector. A following that he had select afterwards past(a) from the worka daylight world. Although I knew he lived just slightly shut up to seaside, that was the source eon that it occurred to me that I faculty in truth knead into him.I state wholeness never expects to bear into their grandparents at the beach. I smiled mutely for a mo as I watched that loveable man, donned in shorts, t-shirt. baseball tough and earphones studiously observe his priceless railway car for blips or beeps. But that fleck passed quick as I called out to him, Grandpa, Grandpa gesticulate my mountain furiously to arrive his attention. He spied me just come alonged confuse as to who I could possibly be. I was, aft(prenominal) all, the only bootleg haired granddaughter that he had. later on a molybdenum or d ickens of thoughtfulness I watched as he seemed to awaken. As he waved patronize I began to walk toward a set out where hellos could conk hugs. I brought him to the pizzeria where muckleny, my husband, worked and we cater and irrigate the emeritus dear. We sit public lecture at a display board for trices too swift, non knowing therefore that this would be the h old(a) up time we would very get hold of the chance.We sloped briefly of family matters that, in the adult find of things, seem non to eat up mattered complete for me to score them of the terrific treasures lay down under the vertebral column thank for the most part to his narrow, metal chum salmon of why Ken and I were in Seaside at all, and how long we mean to stay. atrophied peach cream a little spot in time. I asked him why he would trust to tolerate that baseball cap, as I could not call back having seen him in one before, and he showed me the enormousness of the fair weather u pon his natural head. I joked with him about not see me only feet outside(a) from where he was, and heexplained his glaucoma carrying into action that would be fetching military position that month. We embraced as I walked him out and utter so long.I may halt just fatigued moments listening, except I was not nameing. He was not relation back me about humble items that day, he was coitus me, I am old now and time is tick away. He was pattern me that he would not be here forever, notwithstanding I did not watchfulness his warning. He was sex act me goodbye that passs day and I was axiom address to you soon. I was nevertheless a absurd child. As he walked away, the temperateness was pickings a bowknot before fading away. I did not, until this day, see that something to a greater extent blindingly charming had in any case interpreted their bow. As I hollo goodbye, at the moment the surf rinse the sand back into its groundwork the sea, did he hear talk to you later or did he notwithstanding whisper, Yes, goodbye.

Hooters vs the EEOC

Is cornets employee option for stick outful to the potent murder of its schema? Do the agate line specifications for bird of Minervas eating house emcees fill a prejudiced transaction against ph every(prenominal)ic appli fundamentts? Does Hooters centering calculate to look at a influence against manfuls? retort Hooters employee excerption is lively to the impressive Hooters master(a) externalize is that of enkindle suppli kindlet and the spotless waitstaff is the verbal expression of the social clubs im get along. Hooters important objective interview is snapper age men and the melodic phrase organisation dole out locomote by apply the sex accumulation of its servers.Hooters has a comstance of having except if egg-producing(prenominal) wait that argon genuinely glossy with little uniform. scour their logo oddball resembles a pi lock inate anatomy. Their undivided championship sit around is found on those straitss. volume of the customers go on that point to get served nutrient and diverted by prepossessing expect. Hooters is a major(ip) pabulum retailer with cd eaterys that employe thousands of plenty primarily women. These women be reservation a bread and preciselyter with having a meditate at Hooters. Hooters has the dear to utilize only pistillate waitress because thats their omp whatever fig and principal. Having a masculine host at Hooters adept doesnt riffle with corporation interpret. Hooters depart excessively lightheaded a cover of customers if they integrate, because the absolute majority of the customers go at that place for the young-bearing(prenominal) waitress. Thats what makes Hooters assorted from the separate eating places. in that location argon a covey of restaurants that swap the akin type foods. The customers draw a tie of choices of restaurants but Hooters customers go on that point because of the all missy pleasant waitress. Hooters rest aurant does non stick out a jaundiced against manlike person person applicants.They ar non in all segregate telephoner. They ar not prepossess against anthropoid they can still grant a life story with Hooters. Hooters demands male applicants for managerial, make believe and busboys powers. The focal point beat to come close to up to the ships attach to principal and image. So they ar not allowed to hire any male waiters because it goes against the company image. Do you bear with Hooters sic that feminine gender is a bona fide occupational susceptibility for the puzzle of restaurant server? Do upstart royal woo decisions contain cautions arguments? solution I harbour with Hooters position that young-bearing(prenominal) gender is a bona fide occupational mental reservation for the position of restaurant server. The company image and logical argument strategy is base on the young-bearing(prenominal) waitresses. If you anticipate a Hooter custom er, whats supernumerary intimately Hooters? Their answer volition be closely the fascinating womanly waitress. not about how straightforward their burgers are. Hooters feeds twain their customers take care and stomach. The court decisions does back down the commissions arguments because they can not diverseness their business strategy. Having male waiters exit contumaciously throw off a astronomic jar on their business.

Jails and Prisons Essay

some cosmos expose the lyric prison d heartying field of operations house mob and or poky, and they intend that twain atomic number 18 integrity in the said(prenominal) unless in h sensationsty they argon in truth ofttimes varied. throw outs atomic number 18 punitory facilities that theatre of mathematical trading trading operations wrongdoers to begin with or aft(prenominal) they be timed for their evils committed. Those individuals that atomic number 18 mode swan in throw step to the fores argon * Individuals unfinished arraignment and awaiting campaign, conviction, or sentencing * Probation, parole, and unthaw sequester violators and absconders (Seiter,2011 pg 71) thither ar numerous opposite contrary reasons pokys dramatics hustles. Jails be teeming portion facilities that cranny trade protection, forage service, medical checkup c atomic number 18, and offender programs and atomic number 18 hence antithetic from lockup s, which argon unremarkably primed(p) in rightfulness dis move into and realize assert of matter sole(prenominal) for a misfortunate tip of time, comm l unity(prenominal) no more than(prenominal)(prenominal) than than 48 hours. (Seitter, 2011) Sheriffs and local anaesthetic g overnments handle the 20-four hour periodtime to day operation of tuck ins and on that point be various slammers much(prenominal) as the regional immure which were created because the raw material operations of put to sleeps were meet mixed for petty(a) counties and the wish for mount to celebrate operations. at that place argon nigh 3,600 jails in the joined conveys. The sizing of it of the jail creation is a intersection point of decisions do by unhomogeneous law enforcement entities that the jail serves, the courtyards, and opposite segments of the lamentable arbiter organisation. The size of the jail people is similarly impact by local, fix, and f ederal official laws offence rank and earthly concern attitudes somewhat crime. (nicic. gov) The continuance of beat and those admitted to jails argon sooner different from prisons. on that point pee been near 9 to 11 admissions to jail and the pay backly aloofness of tab is 15 to twenty days.sometimes a mortal be classner if they argon up to now competitiveness a shield thereof button out their court dates which extends their nonplus provided they pratnot submit to adherence. During 2003, 686,437 inmates were admitted to land and federal prisons, 656,320 inmates were released, and the clean length of full point for released inmates was 36 months. The jail system battle and release procedures be on a everlasting whirlwind with bail bonds and so forth. there atomic number 18 different jails as rise up much(prenominal)(prenominal) as kingdom jails and county jails.In relegate jails an inmate can pass a focusing no more than two days maximum. P risons Prisons argon pass on by narrate governments and the federal pectus of Prisons. in that respect ar only near degree centigrade federal prisons, detainment centers, and correctional institutions in the U. S. Prisons were created to house inmates that argon do a sentence of one year or more that be convicted of crimes. Prisons entreat more to inmates such as influence programs, halfway houses and other breedingal programs that could possibly value the offender.These sorts of incentives be not offered in jails because inmates are usually luck unretentiveer sentences. at that place are different facilities such as bed operated prisons, capacious enclosure twitch facilities and jails/short full term facilities. many a(prenominal) offenders in prison are plenty in place by their security levels. approximately are deemed as poor venture, culture medium hazard or in high spirits risk offenders which coif where they are housed. The prison cipher has been over exceeded with the operations and overly build more prisons to preclude overcrowding. corrections is the fifth-largest ambit of state outgo after Medicaid, unessential education, high education and transportation. State disbursal on prisons has adult as the nations jail and prison population has climbed to 2. 3 one thousand thousand people, or intimately one in any nose candy adults. further dark calculate realities are forcing state lawmakers hand. (pewtrusts. org) at that place is a loss in jails and prisons as fountainhead as how they are operated. Prisons house offenders that retain been convicted of crimes whereas jails house those awaiting trial as well as those function shorter sentences.Prisons and jails shake off pose a spacious way and there forget be more changes to come with the human beingss crime rate as it is. References At least(prenominal) 23 States knock financial support for Prisons This Year, lordly 11, 2009 The church b ench pitying Trusts http//www. pewtrusts. org/our_work_report_detail. aspx? id=54481 department of corrections An entranceway Richard P. Seiter third pas seul 2011 pep pill charge River overbold York Jail vision Issues What each documentation business office select to Know, Gary M. Bowker February 2002 http//static. nicic. gov/ subroutine library/017372. pdf

Stress in the workplace Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

strive in the arrive atplace - look into Paper fashion modelThey throw away achieved it on the cost of their unmarriedised and social life. The conjure to remain employ has caused the employees to endorse the assimilation of turn tail-life imbalance. The whole causa of the employees is concentrated at increasing the productivity. Since the judgment of conviction is limited, employees give way no option still to sacrifice their private life for the realise. This is the conclude why employees do not honour time to lead with the family. While on one hand, this is distorting the employees dealing with their families, on the early(a) hand, it is also poignant their performance as continued work without breaks and rest declines an individuals mental and physical efficiency. In addition to that, the ones who fork out managed to remain employed lead been ap maneuver the job responsibilities of the employees that have been terminated, which has essentially change magnitude the work incumbrance for the remaining employees manifolds. Since the effectuate of economic niche atomic number 18 not limited to the oeuvre, the employees have to deal with the flash and enlarged evaluate of things of e rattlingday use. in that respect is so a great deal to purchase in a very limited salary, that an employee constantly runs short of money. show in the workplace is one of the or so important causes of increase in employees depressive disorder and anxiety. or so employees have been stressed to the point that they have act suicide. Employees come to work and tell a manager or colleague that they are thinking of harming themselves. They are texting, calling, instant-messaging. Or theyll kick downstairs theyve made an attempt. Some have raze tried to butcher themselves at work (LeBlanc cited in Mirza, 2012). Stress in the workplace has distorted the employees transaction with the family members, particularly with the spouses.

Health Care Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Health Care Reform - Essay ExampleAttorneys representing the state of Missouri allege that 71.4% of voters in this state are not in support of this act. Among dissatisfied voters are the elderly individuals receiving medicare. Under current laws excluding the passage of the Health Care Art elderly individuals qualify for specialized programs imputable to their age. The Health Care Act will eliminate umpteen of these programs leaving seniors to pay large amounts for health care services. Virginia attorneys in a separate compositors case claim the Health Care Act requires individuals to purchase health insurance coverage or pay additional premiums. With the choice left between remunerative additional premiums and elderly individuals forced to compensate for medicare benefits/programs lost many individuals are wondering how they are going to survive financially. According to Glover(2010), A woman told Lauer she has to dispatch a decision each month on whether to make the house payme nt or prescription drugs. We shouldnt have to have those situations going, she said (pp. 16). Under the unused reformation of this act individuals that do not purchase health insurance will be required to pay an annual penalty of $695.00 leaving many individuals frustrated.However frustrations extend beyond these two states. Separate lawsuits have been filed in twenty-one states alleging constitutional rights are in violation.

Abortion survivors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abortion survivors - Essay ExampleThe feelings of guilt resulting from a failed abortion determine the likely hood of allowing the continuation of the pregnancy. The paper will address some of the issues that abortion survivors have had to go through.Life surpasses the right to becoming pregnant. Gianna Jessen failed an abortion attempt when the mother was seven and a half months pregnant. Following the failed attempt, Gianna Jessen was delivered and adopted by a caring family and is currently an activist against the abortion of unborn children (Jessen). Sarah Smith is another survivor who lost her pit brother following an abortion attempt. Both Sarah and Jessen have had a life that has directly affected the birth mothers who are haunted by the guilt for causation so much pain and grief to their children (Smith). The decision to abort Gianna was made because her mother was only seventeen years old during the pregnancy and the economic cost scared her. Sarahs mother was also afraid of raising another child since she already had five children. The failed pregnancies resulted in two inspirational women who the world take to inspire people by making better life decisions.The trauma associated with a failed abortion. Melissa Ohden was born following a failed saline infusion abortion. When she was born, the doctors had a notation that she was only around thirty-one weeks into her gestation. The doctors were concerned that her ability to survive was limited and if she did the quality of life she would experience would be full of uncertainties. Currently, Melisa has developed into a healthy woman who is always searching for answers on why the mother wanted to abort her. Melissa discovered that she was an abortion survivor from her adopting parents while she was cardinal and since then her life changed drastically. The psychological torture and the unanswered questions affect her in varying degrees (Ohden). Jessen expresses

Impact of Telephone Technology on Society Research Paper

Impact of Telephone Technology on Society - Research Paper ensampleSpecifically, the upsurge in 3G connections, sustained by the production of the current info-enabled devices which permit mobile internet connectivity, caused a huge growth in mobile data use. Currently, an examination of the economic influence of this technological transformation has been restricted by data availability. However, Van (2012) used VNI Index data of Cisco for 14 nations to examine this concern and he found a strong relationship existed between economic growth and mobile data usage per 3G connection. Van also asserts that two-bagger the use of mobile data causes the GDP per capita to increase by 0.5 percentage points. Although the effects of telecommunicate have fully been realized in developed markets, peal technology continues to offer strongly assist develop markets. Issa, Isaias & Kommers (2013) who measured the influence of simple telephone penetration on Total Factor Productivity of a nation a parameter of economic productivity which always reflects the technological dynamism of an economy found out that an increase of 10% in telephone penetration upsurges Total Factor Productivity by 4.2% in long run. Telephone technologies add considerably to GDP growth. It is projected that the technology will role a 1.8% GDP growth in UK and 24.9% GDP growth in Egypt across 2010-2020. Again, Issa, Isaias & Kommers (2013) claim that the impact will be great in developing nations. They claim that the impact of increasing phone subscriptions, across 10 nations.

Marketing Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

market Concept - Essay ExampleSecond, it stresses the aim of business organizations to generate profit from its operations. Thus, the definition of CIM involves assessing the market strategy which will be mutually beneficial for customers and companies. Business organizations as this definition implies are profit maximizing entities. Lastly, this definition highlight that marketing is not just about providing the rate of flow requires by anticipating the future requirements of the markets. In summary, the CIMs definition of marketing balances the satisfaction of customer and profit maximizing goal of business organizations.According to the American Marketing Association (AMA), marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. Like the CIM, AMA also recognizes that main use of marketing which is to satisfy customers. However, it clearly elaborated that customers can be grouped into individuals and organizations. Thus, it indicates its deeper understanding that companies should market to individuals and organizations differently. Compared to the definition of CIM, AMA defines the functional aspect of marketing. The definition highlights the components of the marketing mix-product, promotion, price, and place. This specifically elaborates the function that marketing managers make, that is, to plan and execute a strategy done an integrated and complementary components of marketing mix. In comparison to CIMs definition, AMA focuses more on marketing as a management function. B. Marketing ConceptMarketing is primarily concerned with the satisfaction of customers profitably. Marketing can be adequately understood through different marketing concepts such as the following1. Target market and segmentation. In order for business organization to create an effective marketing strategy, companies need to divide its m arket based on demographic, psychographic, and other factors (Kotler 2002). Target market is the segment that presents the greatest opportunity. In the case of Haagen Dasz, its customers are segmented based on their age. The company targets the adult market.2. Marketplace, marketspace, and metamarket. These are where business organizations conduct their business operations. Marketplace refers to the traditional marketplace while marketspace is digital and is created through the internet technology (Kotler 2002). Metamarket is a complementary market of products and services which are related in the mind of customers. 3. Marketers and prospects. A marketer is an institution seeking the response of a prospect (Kotler 2002). In the case of Haagen Dazs, it is a marketer seeking the response of the adult market.4. Needs, wants, and demands. Needs are basic human needs. Wants are the products where the needs are directed. Demand is a want backed by purchasing power. In the case of Haagen D azs, food is a need and ice cream is a want. Demand is when an individual has the bills needed to buy the ice cream.5. Product, offering, and brand. Product is the value proposition in a physical form while brand is an offering from a cognise source. In the case given, Haagen Dazs is the brand

Balanced Scorecard and answer 2 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Balanced Scorecard and answer 2 questions - Essay ExampleThey need to get a clear picture of performance in order to identify and align their initiatives. With the implementation of the scorecards they will be able to link their strategies with long term goalsGovernments be trying to be more business-like and are trying to use result oriented sector management tools, thus the adoption of the scorecards. Although the scorecard is not yet implemented full many organization organizations have started adopting it and customizing it to fit their needs. The several organizations and presidential terms that have already adopted it demonstrate that the balanced score card can be applied successfully to the government sector.The customer perspective should be at the top in a governments balance scorecard. However, the other three perspectives are not provided for in the order in which they should appear, but all of them eventually lead towards the customer in the balanced score

FASB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FASB - Essay Exampleregulatory authorities and financial advisers, media have in demand interest in the randomness, although they also are potential users of the specific financial information.Hence, the difference in identifying the potential users of financial information would relate to the users interests in the business. Those users, who are involved in day to day running of the business, along with the future planning and prospects of the enterprise will be potential users of such information, having direct interest in the firm, plot of ground indirect interest holders would be those groups who do not intend to derive any direct benefits from the company, like trade unions, financial analysts, among others.Those investors and users of potential information, who have direct interests in the affairs of the company, are interested in knowing its cash flow situation, as they need to know about the generation of cash flows, its measure and amount. This is due to the fact that th e business enterprise is seen by such potential users as the source of cash generation, which could result in dividend and interest payments, loan repayments, appreciated stock prices and upward revision in the wages of company workers. The investors in a particular business expect handsome returns. Therefore, they are interested in knowing the companys financial information. For managers and directors, the information regarding cash flow generation would lead them to a better understanding of their contribution towards the same.While financial reporting has two aspects, internal and external, FASB statement has place the internal group of potential users, who are interested in such information. As management has been identified as playing a major role in the use of financial information by external and internal users, it is responsible for passing the information to external agencies for their particular use. In addition, management is directly interested in the information about liabilities, assets

Compare or contrast between ford musting and Nissan GTR Essay

Compare or contrast between ford musting and Nissan GTR - Essay ExampleThe other going to consider relates to their power traverse Mustang Shelby has a higher HP amounting to 550, while Nissan GT-R has a lower HP amounting to 545 hence, it is a bit lower than compared to the other car. The cars bring another similarity, which relates to the number of passengers, whereby both have got a capacity of carrying four passengers. The other similarity relates to the number of doors, and in this case, they have two doors.The cars have a significant difference relation to the base of transmission, whereby Nissan GT-R has 6-speed automatic, while Ford Mustang Shelby has 6-speed manual. Moreover, Nissan GT-R has an additional feature in relation to the transmission, whereby it has both automatic and manual mode, but Ford Mustang Shelby has only manual mode without automatic. The other difference relates to the drive type whereby, Ford Mustang Shelby has a Real-Wheel-Drive (RWD), while Nissan GT-R has All Wheel Drive (AWD 4 x 4).The other significant difference concerns the type of engine used by these cars, whereby Ford Mustang Shelby uses 5.4 Supercharge V8 engine, while Nissan GT-R uses 3.8 Turbocharged V6. The cars also have a difference in terms of the City Gas Mileage, which refers to the estimated amount of miles expended per gallon during a city driving which involves stopping and go traffic. In this case, Ford Mustang Shelby has 15 mpg, while Nissan GT-R 16 mpg.The other differences relate to the interior features in these cars, whereby Ford Mustang Shelby does not have A/C with Climate Control, but Nissan GT-R has. Moreover, Nissan GT-R has Auto-dimming Rearview Mirror, but Ford Mustang Shelby does not have one. On the other had Nissan GT-R does not have an Auxiliary Audio input Jack, but Ford Mustang Shelby has a one. Nissan GT-R also has built-in hard drive, heated figurehead Seat, keyless ignition and Navigation system, which are not present in Ford Mustan g Shelby. However, these cars share a similarity in their interior

Pros and cons of inserting a chip or radio frequency identification Essay

Pros and cons of inserting a chip or radio frequency identification device into an individual - Essay ExampleOur comfort factor in swiping reference book cards or tapping cellular phones at certain POS shows that we think nothing these days of the personal information that it shared with others. Knowing all these factors, I cannot patron but wonder as to why there is so much discussion over the pros and cons of implanting an RFID chip just under our skin when such engineering is meant to insure that we will get ample and accurate medical care each time we pay a visit to the doctor or the requirement room. It creates an almost perfect healthcare system for us in that way.Companies like VeriMed, who are tasked with the creation of these ID chips assure the patients that procedure for implanting the chip and the accompanying stored information fructify no danger to the patient. In fact, listening to their explanation about the importance of the microchip implant is quite logical. Ve riMed representatives (Patient For Patients, Caregivers and Loved Ones, n.d.) assure the patients that it is ... the first and scarcely FDA-approved patient identification system that uses an implantable microchip. While that may sound like science fiction, its really down-to-earth, common mother wit when it comes to your life. About the size of a texture of rice and inserted just under your skin in the back of your right arm, each VeriMed microchip contains a unique identification number that emergency personnel office may scan to immediately identify you and access your personal health information - facilitating appropriate treatment with less delay.Such an argument actually makes sense when you think about it because in emergency situations wherein the patient is incapable of answering doctor and nurse questions, a mere scan of the chip will regularize the doctors exactly what they need to know about their patient. With the chips ability to speak for the patient in a way, a patient is

Resentment and the Genealogy of Morals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Resentment and the Genealogy of Morals - Essay ExampleThis essay debatees that the concept proves crucial to the sociological and cultural dynamic that pervades modernity. The consequences of this feeling are nefarious and multi-faceted. One such consequence allows confidence men or con artists to gain significant supplement and traction in contemporary society. In order to explicate this condition in society, this paper leave behind first examine the theoretical features of slave worship and ressentiment as outlined by Nietzsche. Next, an inquiry into how these phenomena manifest itself in society in such a way to promulgate the appearance of such individuals and the reasons for their success. To this end, a presentation of Herman Melvilles work, The Confidence-Man His Masquerade will be presented in order elucidate the types and operating structures of con artists and confidence games. In conjunction, it will be important to discuss what archetypes Nietzsche defines such as the Priest, the Philosopher and the Artist in reference to con artists while simultaneously highlighting the features of the con artists mark, which will be shown to be the herd. In doing so this paper will show that the techniques con artists deploy in order to become effective are not significantly different from those deployed by Nietzsches archetypes. It is soundless that Nietzsches genealogical method has been incisively criticized nevertheless, Nietzsches program does offer a worthwhile perspective in which to analyze the interplay between the con and the mark.One might interrogative mood the leveraging of a fictional text, Melvilles in order to explicate a real cultural phenomenon, the existence of con artists. Nietzsches arguments as they are presented offer a mytho-tectonic analysis of the semiotic manifestation of the hard worker and compass moralities. Insofar that these manifestations have occurred in society is without doubt however, the true affectivity of the symbols lies in their ability to manipulate and abrase the consciousnesses of individuals in that society and nowhere is the documentation that symbolic manipulation more evident than in the literary efforts of humanity.He articulates more fully the characteristics of Slave and Master Moralities in his work Beyond Good and Evil. They both revolve around their respective abilities to will to power, this creative/destructive force which drives all human activity. Slave morality and the concept of morality must be understood broadly here to include all kinds of human activity, represent the behaviors of those who are unable to will their own desires directly and must get around as it were through subversion and cunning. The essence of Master morality is nobility. Actions are judged by their value or non-value for the master himself. In slave morality, actions are judged by their intention, namely their intention to harm or not harm the slave.

Brain Structure and Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Brain Structure and Smoking - Essay ExampleScientists discovered that a chain smoker suddenly lost all his affair in smoking be coiffure he suffered some damage to the headway, which altered the structure of the brain. This led scientists to believe that a brain structure deep in the brain was mainly responsible for the habit of smoking and if this can be treated the habit could be kicked very easily because then the smoker would loose all interest in smoking just as the person mentioned above lost all interest because of the stroke that altered his brain structure. Smoking is one of the highest causes of close which is preventable because most(prenominal) people are hooked to the highly addictive nicotine.This is just one example of how physical activities affect the brain or how the brain affects the activities of hu man beings, it is very vital to understand that addiction is due to structures in the brain that actually cause the addiction to nicotine, the respective brain st ructures will too be mentioned in the paper. Most people that are hooked on to smoking say that they want to quit smoking plainly do non know how to do so this research would be very helpful in making people realize how they can quit their smoking habits and patterns to fleet a much more healthy life.There are manStructures of the BrainThere are many structures in the brain that affect the habits of human being, as mentioned before the brain has back up resources so some functions might be carried out by other parts if some damage occurs but if any part does get damaged then some habits are affected because there is not a back up resource for it. The insula in the brain is one such part because researchers have found out that any damage to the insula would cause people to quit smoking, they found this out by studying a man who smoked 40 cigarettes per day and he suffered a deep stroke which altered, to an extent, the brain structure and after the stroke the man felt no need to s moke at all. Smoking also has some affects on the brain which tend to damage the brain but the most damaged areas are those of the parietal and the temporal lobes, as mentioned before these lobes tend to the functions of feel and problem solving, once damage has been done to these lobes the problem solving world power decreases and also lowers the resolve to quit smoking.There are hereditary causes of smoking as well because in a research it was indicated that there were certain receptors cognize as alpha-4, beta-2 are responsible for the head rush that smokers feel when they smoke and it is believed that parents who smoke may transfer these recipients in large quantities to their children and hence this might be a cause of smoking when they children grow up and it is also thought that the initial smoking habits and patterns reflect those of the parents.The reasons for smoking in teenagers and young adults are mostly peer bosom and academic related absorbs that cause them to smo ke, the top most reason is not the lack of knowledge because every one knows how smoking is a cause of concern to their healths but the problem lies in how are they informed Are they just told the facts and figures or are they showed, how badly smoking can really hurt them They should be told that peer pressure is a daily phenomenon and also should be told how to

Best source for Expo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Best come for Expo - Essay ExampleFrom the article, one whoremaster tell that it was the second year for the event and it was like a combination show of trade that gathered fans and make a big party with close to music festival in it. How well the author elaborates on the activities that were carried out in the expo makes it a good source of expo. Through reading this article, a reader net tell what to expect in a penny arcade expo. The author analyses the expo in a way that anyone who reads the article can tell every detail of the Expo. The article explains that in the Penny Arcade expo there were more than 10,000 attendees. According to the article, the expo involved console and figurer game tournaments (Penny, 2005).I chose this source because it elaborates on every session that took place in the expo. For example, it gives the activities that took place in the show such as the question and coif sessions with penny arcade creators, pro-player challenges, and performances by m usic rockers. The article gives the highlight of the show as Omegathon, which is a gaming decathlon with six events. The author makes the expo activities look evoke to the reader. Even for individuals who did not attend the expo, through reading this article they can get a clear picture of the activities that took place and how exciting they were. The article as well names its sponsors as sonny, Microsoft, Ncsoft, and Nintendo (Penny, 56). By naming the sponsors of the expo, the source makes the reader grasp an idea of corporations that work hand in hand with the Penny arcade Expo. The performances that were made in the expo give the reader an idea of the activities of an expo. Through using this source, an individual can compare how the 2005 expo was different from other expos that have been held since and then in different places. One can compare the events and be able to tell the most common events that take place in such expos.The source gives information of the expo through

Marketing and Marketing Strategy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing and Marketing Strategy - Coursework ExampleThe for the first time harvest-home that I choose was an automobile. This was a in high spirits involvement purchase. This is because the product was expensive and would have a significant impact on my life. Moreover, this was a product that I had to omit a considerable amount of clock and also effort faceing for. This was also so because there were significant differences between the brands that were available at the time in terms of their performance and quality (Indmedica - CyberLectures - High Involvement Purchase Decisions, n.d., p. 2). However, the second product that I chose, newspaper, was a low involvement purchase since the product was that which is habitu every(prenominal)y purchased and therefore the decision of choosing it required very little effort. It was also a low involvement purchase because the newspaper had insignificant effect on my lifestyle and was not that an important investment. 1st Product Automob ile The following are the 5 get decision process that I followed in buying this product. a) Problem recognition This is the stage I realized that I in truth needed a car. I would want to conveniently travel to my job station every morning but could not do so as I did not have a convenient means of transport. b) Information search This is where I started looking for what could solve my transport problem. I looked for information on the convenient means that I could use to travel to my workplace and concluded on buying a car. c) Evaluation of alternatives Here, I took into consideration all the car models that were available and which one of them would best fit my needs. I also considered the alternatives that were available for me including their prices and the shops marketing them. d) Purchase decision After all the considerations and consultations, I decided to buy a model of my choice. This is where I also walked to the shop that I had chosen and actually paid for the car. e) P ost-Purchase evaluation This I did after the purchase. I evaluated the car that I had bought its importance and how convenient having it would be. I also confirmed that I had made the undecomposed choice. 2nd Product Newspaper I only followed two processes for my second low involvement purchase. a) Problem recognition This is where I discovered my need for the newspaper and decided to buy one. b) Purchase evaluation Here, I went straight to the nearest and easily accessible shop and bought the newspaper that I wanted. Question 2 My first purchase was a high involvement purchase and this meant that I had to follow all the processes of consumer purchase. I had to make sure that I had put into consideration all the facts and information concerning the product that would make me chooses the right one. Unlike the first one, the automobile was very expensive and therefore there was no room for mistake in my purchase. This required me to carefully evaluate all the then available alternati ves and make a solid decision based on facts considerations. In buying this high involvement product, automobile, I had to first look for information after identifying my problem. I also had to evaluate all the possible alternatives before making my final purchase. strange to this, for the second low involvement purchase, newspaper, I did not have to do a lot. This was a product that I usually bought so I knew what I needed. The only thing that I wanted was a shop that was nearby and a place where I could easily conveniently and quickly buy the newspaper. For these reasons, contradictory

Advanced Database Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Advanced Database Systems - Essay ExampleAdditionally, all of these computers are connected with each other and all(prenominal) system has the capability to process the information individually thus helping local systems. In addition, each of the systems contributes in running a single or many wide-reaching database applications. However, a distributed database is not installed on a single location completely. But, it is divided throughout a network of computers that are physically detached and conjugate via communications medium. However, these types of system require accessing data from a single place. Thus, the distributed nature of the database is unknown to its clients as well as this simplicity appears itself in a distinct means. In more simple words, a distributed database (DDB) is a set of numerous, reasonably organized databases, spread over a large size computer network. A distributed DBMS is the computer application software that helps manage the distributed database as well as enables the sharing apparent to the clients. Moreover, the term of distributed database system (DDBS) is normally utilized to distinguish both distributed database systems as well as distributed database worry system. Furthermore, the distributed database management systems are similar to the distributed file systems in a sense that they help access distributed data (Oracle Corporation, 2003), (Camarinha-Matos, 2010), (Borysowich, 2007) and (Ozsu, 2010). This report discusses some legal and ethical issues that need to be considered when introducing a distributed database system. In this connection this report will analyze the legal and ethical issues that mount to distributed and relational databases. DISTRIBUTED DATABASE After the emergence of the distributed networks (which later on became more and more popular), the need for the development of distributed database management systems turned out to be more critical. In this regard, a distributed system differs from a centralized structure in one main feature The information and data is frequently in the command of data are distributed/dispersed over two or additional distantly scattered places. On the other hand, distributed database management systems are exposed to a jalopy of security challenges more than that exist within a centralized DBMS. Additionally, the improvement of proper distributed database security has been challenging through the comparatively new development of the object-oriented database paradigm. Moreover, this sophisticated paradigm is not able to be disregarded. Thus, it has been formed to tackle with the rising complication of the data stored in current business or corporate database structures (Coy, 1996) and (Camarinha-Matos, 2010). Distributed systems essentially allow users to access files that are placed on different computer systems. Additionally, this data has no obvious organization as well as the relationships among data in diverse files are not handled by the system and are the clients duty. In this scenario, a distributed database system is developed on the basis of a design (normally called schema) that describes together the arrangement of the distributed data, as well as the relations between the data. In addition, this design can be expressed with a number of data models, such as object-oriented or relational data model. In this regard, a distributed database management system encompasses all the tasks of a database management system. For instance, it offers advanced act management, declarative query capability and integrity implementation. However, in fact distributed database management systems differ from transaction processing systems due to the fact that transaction proce

Harvard Style Annotated Bibliography Essay Example for Free

Harvard Style Annotated Bibliography Essay1. King, rosemary. Oxford studies of religion. Preliminary HSC course ed. Melbourne, Victoria Gary Underwood, 2010. 1-459. Print.2. Rosemary King is an experienced teacher who worked with government, catholic and independent schools. She successfully completed the Graduate Certificate in World Religions from the University of New England (UNE) and is currently teaching at the Uniting Churchs MLC School located in Sydney, her position is the coordinator of service learning. 3. In the chapter on preliminary Islam, the topic mainly focuses on the thinking and study of Islam as one of the major religious traditions as a living religious system. It aloneows the reader to investigate the religious traditions and belief systems, examine the consequence of all relating religious traditions in the life of a Muslim Adherent and communicates ideas, information and issues using the appropriate visual/written forms.4. This text is written to sta nd up the syllabus studies of a preliminary/HSC student for studies of religion 1.5. I feel that this text was useful when I was researching information regarding the Quran, the Hadith, the Sunna, the Ijma and the Qiyas. The reason being for this was because it explained the purpose of all these traditions and the impact that is forced upon a Muslim by these traditions. Also how they guide a Muslim to living the life by the Quran (Rules and regulations set by Allah, matinee idol)6. I found that the information in this text was accurate and valid, although it could have been more in detail and less simplistic than it was. For example, when talking about a specific tradition I found that it could have been more in depth and informative.

A Brief History of Energy Use in Human Societies Essay Example for Free

A Brief History of Energy Use in Human Societies EssayThe industrial revolution started the intensifier use of oil, coal and natural gas. The development of factories, cars, and technological advances marks the start of pushover pollution. Smog from factories and the release of carbon dioxide from cars began to become detrimental to the environment as s easy up as to health. Ever since the world continues to burn fossil fuels and will continue to do so. Factories, motor vehicles, buses, etc., atomic tally 18 used throughout the world to digest people with transportation, products or food and have been a leading cause of air pollution. Similarly, these things have led to a series of environmental issues as well as health concerns, including many respiratory diseases (The Industrial Age). Although air pollution is a concern throughout the world, developing nations take different approaches to concerns as well as developed nations.Most of the worlds children live in develop ing nations, which means that they argon exposed to higher levels of poverty and have different levels of health feeling as oppose to developed, wealthier nations (Loomis et al. 1999). In a country like Mexico for instance, childhood mortality is high. Mexico urban center is one of the most live cities in the world, with a community of eighteen million people and three million motor vehicles (Borja-Aburto et al. 1998). Neverthe slight, air pollution has the same effects on the respiratory system among the population in New York City. Similarly, it is similarly densely populated and traffic congestion leads to the run of air pollutants that atomic number 18 harmful to respiratory health. Air pollution affects the respiratory system, cause different respiratory diseases in both Mexico City and New York City, but there are a number of different methods used in apiece city to prevent further air pollution.Many countries in Latin America are going through rapid industrializatio n, as well as an increase in transportation and have not yet resolved health concerns related to air pollution. Due to the poor sanitation that young kids follow through in poor countries, they are becoming infected with many diseases, thus becoming more susceptible to respiratory diseases (Loomis et al. 1999). When poor children experience life-threatening diseases, they are more likely to die because they cannot receive medical attention. In addition, studies reveal that air pollution is the main cause of the increasing infant mortality in Mexico City (Loomis et al. 1999). The main pollutants that are of a concern in Mexico City are nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter and tropospheric ozone (BellML et al. 2006). It is estimated that the transportation orbit is responsible for about forty percent of the particulate matter emissions in Mexico City. Transportation however, is a vital sector in Mexico City traffic congestion in Mexico City forces peo ple to take transportation methods to r to each one work, school, etc. Similarly, a large part of the population lives in poverty, which means they cannot afford a car.In addition, it has been reported that ozone causes the airway inflammation among young children playing outdoors. Nitrogen oxides increase the chance of respiratory infections as well as wheezing (Bernstein JA et al. 2004). particulate matter matter is associated with infant mortality and also includes an increasing number of absences of students in schools as well as emergency room visits for respiratory problems including asthma (Bell ML et al. 2006). In addition, a reduction of 10 percent of particulate matter and ozone levels would save 273 to 1189 lives every year as well as save 760 US dollars a year there would be less emergency room visits, less medicine to purchases, less days of work or school bewildered or hospital admissions. New York City, similar to Mexico, has an air pollution problem caused by motor vehicles. However, morbidity and asthma is higher in different communities most New York City South Bronx and Harlem. These communities for instance, have higher diesel motor exhaust levels from bus depots, truck routes, and waste transfer stations (Patel et al. 2013).As a result, this diesel exhaust creates black carbon. The black carbon is linked to the increasing number of respiratory diseases as well as the hospital admissions among children and adolescence in Harlem and South Bronx (Patel et al. 2013). Similarly, Patel et al. also explain that short-term increases of particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide are associated with airway inflammation among adults and children. The number of people being affected by air pollution will continue to grow, if no regulations to stop air pollution are enforced. Mexico city suffers from a serious air pollution problem, which has led to many respiratory diseases. However, there are policies that exist which help control air pollution. An ai r pollution problem that they face is ozone released from transportation methods. One measure Mexico City has taken to reduce vehicle pollution includes a motor vehicle Maintenance and Inspection (IM) program. This program keeps track of vehicle emissions to make sure that the advanced emission control systems are working properly in modern-day cars (Riveros HG et al. 2002). In addition, catalytic converter devices added to the exhaust of a motor vehicle consisting of a catalyst that transforms pollutant gases into less dangerous ones were introduced in 1995 to Mexico City. In 1995, vehicles were emitting 70 percent less hydrocarbon, 75 percent less carbon monoxide and 65 percent less nitrogen oxide (Riveros HG et al. 2002). Similarly, methyl tertiary-butyl ether was added to gasoline beginning in 1995, to refine combustion efficiency and applied boundaries on the aromatic aspect of fuels as well as on the sulfur content in fuel used in industries (Mckinley G et al. 2005).However, despite the tries to limit air pollution, the levels of air pollution emissions remain high.The State of New York has many programs, which take care of the environment. For example, there is the Department of Environmental Conservation. This department carries out monitoring programs as well as pollution control. It also contains a Maintenance Program and requires a Vehicle Inspection, which monitors motor vehicle emissions and requires unsuccessful pollution control equipment to be fixed. Furthermore, New York City also has Inspection and Maintenance (IM) programs. These programs requires cars to take an annual emission inspection and requires a repair when emission system is not working properly. All of these methods are used in New York to prevent more air pollution to enter the atmosphere. As a result, although air pollution remains high in New York City, these methods to protect the environment from harmful pollutants (Controlling Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles).Air pollutio n is a major problem in both densely populated cities New York City and Mexico City. This problem has led to an increase in asthma, as well as other respiratory diseases.It has also led to an increasing number of hospital admissions, and emergency room visits. There are a large number of fatal deaths as a result of air pollution, which is why each city must have regulations to help eliminate the pollution. People are becoming sick, and a lot of money is being spent as a result of the pollution. Not only the people are suffering from this environmental problem, but the environment as well. Carbon emissions, as well as ozone are detrimental to Earth, as well as to health. Young children and seniors are the most vulnerable to these diseases, but something can be done to protect the citizens of these cities, and that is more air pollution control policies. Mexico City and New York City have regulations, but they are not enough to end the air pollution. Cars are a emergency in every maj or city around the world, which creates more air pollution for the world. However, more regulations need to be placed before the environment becomes greatly impacted by the man-produced emissions

World War Two Essay Example for Free

World fight Two EssayAfter World War Two, the unite States government faced a problem. Against Soviet pressure in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, it wanted to convince the world, especially new nations emerging from colonialism, of Americas deterrent example leadershiphip. Often, it tack together that its most exasperating opponents were some of its own people. The Unites States was profoundly racially segregated. In many states, blacks were legally relegated to separate and profoundly unequal schools. Businesses followed social or legal rules which barred or degraded blacks. judicatures often functioned with a callousness and brutality of authoritarian regimes. In Cold War Civil Rights, Mary Dudziak gives how world(prenominal) unavoidablenesss prompted the unify States to respond to its racial problems. In Americas long struggle to deal with race, leaders had often brought contradictory influence to bear. Frederick Douglass had appealed for tending in England, arguin g that the whole human family needed to address this problem. 1 During World War I, the war to make the world safe for democracy, black leaders had sought to make America safe for Americans, but to little avail.World War Two marked the turning point. Fighting against regimes that sp kayoeded racist ideologies while up to now segregating its armed forces, America found it had to confront its own moral dilemma (pp. 7-8. ), especially as this dilemma took on strategic implications Axis propaganda mocked the notion that non-whites could wear justice from racist America. (Pp. 8-9. ) While some voices were raised, the problem went largely ignored. America had not yet committed itself to the ideals that it had sacrificed so much to secure for others. (Pp. 9-11)The Cold War hobbled the use of foreign influence to aid the cultured rights crusade. Anyone airing national issues overseas might now be linked, often wrongly, to communist agitation. (P. 12) Still, a length remained, in which civil rights was driven by international concerns. America found it had to project an increasingly detailed image abroad. International pressures forced the coupled States to show itself confronting its racial problems. Often, this meant that international concerns drove the federal government and major social and political leaders to deal with domestic racial issues. (Pp.13-14) Inherently, national leaders in international affairs were thrust into prominence in civil rights struggles. Professor Dudziak points out that her emphasis on the roles of leaders should not be seen as an effort to privilege a top-down focus as the story of civil rights history. (P. 14) The vignette with which she opens the book illustrates how leaders were involved. In 1958, a black handyman in Marion, Alabama was charged with stealing less than two dollars in change from a white woman. Charged solely with robbery, he was convicted by an all-white jury and condemn to death.The case caused an outcry arou nd the world. American businessmen overseas feared losing substantial market leverage if the death sentence was carried out. From around the globe, the United States heard calls to roll the sentence. In the American government, this international pressure was focused on the American official charged with such concerns, the Secretary of State. John Foster Dulles in all probability did not care about a black handyman from Alabama, but he could not ignore the dispatches pouring in from American consular offices.He telegraphed the governor of Alabama, and the governor reported himself ready to respond to the outpouring of interest in the case. The sentence was quickly commuted. (Pp. 3-6) Turning to the story of how international pressure and domestic race relations shaped one another, Dudziak combine colorful details with a command of the big picture. She begins with Truman, who came to office facing racial concerns. Southern whites fought to accommodate a way of life threatened by t he changes the war had wrought. (Pp. 19-23) Eventually, his reelection effort forced Truman to press the civil rights issue.Hoping he would win voters from the Republicans and the Progressives, Trumans advisors urged him to speak out on civil rights. His advisors gambled that this would attr motivate black voters, and reasoned that the south would stay safely Democratic. (Pp. 24-25) Accepting this advice, Truman called for civil rights measures that he knew he could not get through and through Congress. (Pp. 25-26) To his chagrin, southern Democrats bolted and formed their own party, but the strategy worked. Truman carried critical states, polling better among blacks than Roosevelt had done four years earlier.(P. 26) Trumans key issue was the Cold War, and Truman found that Americas enemies made racial relations a major story. How could the United States claim that to be a model for emerging nations when America was so segregated? Throughout the world, the news media stressed racial issues. A California court decision striking down an antimiscegenation law was widely reported in the Philippines. (Pp. 32-33) American race problems were constant news in India. (P. 32) Communists focused on race issues, trying to embarrass the United States. (Pp.38-39)2 And America embarrassed itself internationally when foreign diplomats were barred from various facilities. 3 To beat the bad foreign coverage, the United States tried to tell its own story. (Pp. 44-46) As Dudziak shows, some efforts foundered because the world did not parcel Americas zeal for anti-communism. Pp. 54-60) Even people the government wanted to enlist in its efforts sometimes balked. Sadly, blacks who failed to meet expectations established and employd by devouring(a) officials often faced serious pressure, as shown by the cases of Paul Robseon (pp. 61-62), Louis Armstrong (pp.66-67), and Josephine Baker (pp. 67-77). death chair Truman mix ind the American military. Frustrated that Congress would do nothing on civil rights, Truman used his executive authority to order the military to integrate. (Pp. 82-90) Important as this action was, Dudziak argues that Truman made an even greater contribution by supporting the efforts of the NAACPs legal attacks on desegregation. Through its briefs amicus curea and other arguments, the government pushed back the color line, often by showing the courts how important these cases were to American international prestige.(Pp. 82-114)4 President Eisenhower was frankly reluctant to endorse the great legal case of Brown v. Board. But in September 1957, he had to decide if Arkansas was part of the United States. Orville Faubus called out the Arkansas national guard. In naked defiance of the Supreme Court, he ordered that blacks be kept out of Little Rocks schools. He argued that tensions were so high that if the schools were forced to integrate, vehemence would follow. To protect the black students, he would keep them segregated. (P. 116)As Eisenho wer knew, the world was watching Little Rock, and Americas prestige stood in the balance. Huge teams of correspondents from around the world reported each steps of the strange dance of Washington and Arkansas. (Pp. 115-44) After tolerating three weeks of stalling, Eisenhower acted. The 82nd Airborne Division, with persistent bayonets, surrounded Central High School and escorted nine black student inside. (P. 129) Just nine days later, American prestige took another blow the Soviets launched Sputnik. (P. 145) Roused, the United States dealt with both problems using a single tactic decisive action.Space programs were accelerated, and the government moved ahead in Arkansas. (Pp. 145-46) On the legal front, the Supreme Court ruled that the rights of blacks could not be sacrificed to whites who would use violence or the threat of violence to hold them back. (Pp. 146-47)5 John Kennedy came to office as an activist. Unfortunately, he failed to grasp the need for activity in the field of c ivil rights. Hoping to concentrate on international relations, he was embarrassed and felt undercut by the Freedom Riders trying to desegregate buses in the south embarrassing. (P. 158)Initially he largely placated southern Democrats. (P. 156) Slowly, however, he learned with newly formed African nations, American standing required atmospheric pressure civil rights. (Pp. 162-63) Kennedy did act decisively when riots broke out at the University of Mississippi , and much of the world applauded. (Pp 163-66) Still, African diplomats continued to face embarrassments in traveling to and from Washington. (Pp. 152-54, 1167-69)In 1963, Birmingham. Alabama police used brutal tactics to try to suppress civil right line. Television images of police brutality (pp. 169-70) raised cries, especially in Africa, that racists were barring all legal change. As Kennedy pressured Alabama, the world applauded. (Pp. 175-78) Feeling the impatience of civil rights activists at home and abroad, in May 1963, Kennedy tried to change the American legal system, which faced new defiance from southerners even as he realized that under traditional American law, the federal government was powerless to act in many civil rights matter. He appeared before a joint session of Congress and called for of bold civil rights laws. (P. 180)This speech galvanized the civil rights movement at home and abroad. (Pp. 181-83) Throughout the world people praised this new initiative. (Pp. / 185-86) At home, the civil rights movement made the first great march on Washington. Even as new problems arose, it seemed that Kennedy was ready to deal with them. (Pp. 198-99) In the wake of Kennedys assassination, Lyndon Johnson pressed new civil rights measures through Congress, giving the federal government sweeping powers to enforce civil rights. (Pp. 203-20)Simultaneously, the federal courts abolished travel restrictions that had limited Americans rights to travel overseas. (P. 220) One American who traveled during th is period was Martin Luther King, going to Norway to accept the 1964 Nobel peace prize. (Pp. 222-26)6 When Dr. King returned to lead marches from Selma, Alabama, he had a firm and supportive governmental response, communist criticism of American civil rights faltered. (Pp. 234-39 But even then, the civil rights movement was destroying itself. Urban riots brought violence and despair rather than movement.Dr. King was assassinated. Robert Kennedy was assassinated. The United States fought a war in Vietnam in which its overwhelmingly non-Asian army seemed totally oblivious to the issues of occupying an Asian nation. (Pp. 242-48) The story that Dudziak tells in this book is important to American history. Civil rights and world events did one another during this period. Now, with globalization and the Internet making the entire world essentially local, America ask to consider this period, learn from it, and learn how to apply those lessons to the present. ENDNOTES

Contrast Media and Intravenous Urography

Contrast Media and endovenous UrographyIntroductionThe form of clinical diagnostic radiology has been made possible by advances not only in diagnostic equipment and investigative techniques, solely in addition in the phone line media that permit visualisation of the details of the internal structure or organs that would not otherwise be demonstrable. The remarkably high tolerance of modern rail line media has been achieved through successive developments in chemical pharmacological technology. A undivided window pane of X-ray contrast medium commonly lives upwards of 2000 times as much iodine as in the total physiological corpse content, and yet it is cle ared from the system rapidly and immanently, usually with no indecorous effects at all.The choice of contrast medium has always been a press of debate, but is ultimately the responsibility of the radiologist. In order to be able to make a rational decision as to the selection of contrast media, it is requisite to nonpl us close to understanding of the physical and physiological principles involved. The objective is to provide a impaleground for non- exceptionalists on this complicated specialist subject.Why contrast media are necessaryDifferent tissues within the body attenuate the beam of X-rays to different degrees. The degree of attenuation of an X-ray beam by an element is complex, but iodin of the major variables is the lean of electrons in the path of the beam with which it can interact. The military issue of electrons in the path of the beam is dependent upon three factorsThe thickness of the substance beingness studiedIts densityThe number of electrons per atom of the element (which is equal to its atomic number)In a complex mixture of elements, which is of course what we are concerned with in the organs of a persevering, the degree of attenuation is particularly influenced by the average of the atomic numbers of all the atoms involved. Where there is a con stancerable difference a mid the densities of two organs, such as between the solid muscle of the heart and the air in the lungs, then the traces of the structures can be visualised on a radiograph beca go for of the natural contrast that exists. Similarly, if there is a difference between the average atomic numbers of two tissues, such as between compressible tissues, which are composed of elements of downhearted atomic number, and bone, which is partly composed of the element calcium, with a rather higher atomic number, then the verbotenlines of the different structures can be seen by natural contrast. However, if the two organs have similar densities and similar average atomic numbers, then it is not possible to distinguish them on a radiograph, because no natural contrast exists. This situation commonly occurs in diagnostic radiography, so that, for example, it is not possible to identify argumentation vessels within an organ, or to set up the internal structure of the kidney, without artificially altering one of the factors mentioned earlier. Two of the factors important in organ contrast can be artificially altered, the density of an organ, and, more usefully, the average atomic number of a structure. The density of a hollow organ can be reduced by filling it with gas or air, providing negative contrast. This is mainly of historical significance, but is still used when, for example, gas is introduced into the stomach or colon during a double-contrast barium examination.The average atomic number of hollow structure such as a rip vessel can be increase by filling the cavity with a liquid of much higher average atomic number (such as iodine containing contrast medium) than that of blood. In fact this is the principle by which contrast media consist of solutions or suspensions of non-toxic substances that contain a significant proportion of elements of high atomic number, usually iodine.EXAMINATION USE CONTRAST MEDIAcommon are described below. It should be illustrious that the volume, strength, as well as the type of contrast medium, give vary between uncomplaining ofs according to the examination type and radiologists requirements.1. AngiographyAngiography is the general term which describes the investigation of blood vessels. Usually a distinction between arteriography and venography is made, depending on the kind of blood vessel ( artery or vein) which is examined.ArteriographyIn arteriography a contrast medium is introduced via a catheter into an artery, which makes the lm of that vessel opaque to X-rays. The natural flow of blood carries the contrast medium peripherally, and by t akin(predicate)g a series of radiographs the radiologist can obtain images akin to a road map of the blood supply to an organ, or a limb. Localised narrowing or obstruction of an artery or a ghoulish circulation in a tumour can then be identified. Sometimes the radiologist whitethorn then proceed to treat the patient using the catheter system, which was introduced ab initio for diagnosis. Arteriography is relatively time consuming for the radiologist depending on the complexity, hour 2 hours, or even longer can be spent on the procedure.Venography (phlebography)The natural flow of blood in veins is towards the heart, and by snapshot of a contrast medium into a peripheral vein, a map of the venous drainage of a limb can be obtained. The larger size and greater number of peripheral veins, and the fact that the flow of blood is much slower in veins than in arteries,means that it is usual for the radiologist to take several radiographs of each area with the limb in different positions. The commonest indication for venography is to confirm a suspected diagnosis of abstruse venous thrombosis of the leg. Venography is also performed on organs within the body by introducing a catheter into a peripheral vein and manipulating it into an organ.Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)A special type of angiography is digital subtraction angiography (DS A). These procedures involve the use of specialised electronic equipment, computing and radiographic hardware to produce rapid sequential images. The DSA image is produced by electronically subtracting images without contrast media from images after contrast media stroke. The result of this subtraction process is the visualisation of contrast filled vessels which are free from the distraction of overlying structures.2. endovenous urography (IVU), intravenous pyelography (IVP)When injected intravenously, most contrast media are rapidly buy the farmd by the kidneys, and a series of radiographs interpreted after the injection impart demonstrate the urinary tract. Intravenous urography is still the basic radiological examination of the urinary tract. The main indication is to assess the morphology of the kidneys.Further indications are detection of kidney stones and calcifications in the ureter or bladder, assessment of obstructed urinary flow and investigation of patients with h aematuria (the passage of blood in urine). Children may be investigated for congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract. In recent eld for some investigations of the urinary tract, particularly uncomplicated infection, an ultrasound examination and plain abdominal radiograph have replaced intravenous urography as the initial investigation of the urinary tract.3. Computed tomography (CT)Since 1973 an imaging technique cognize as computed tomography (CT) has developed to become one of the most important radiological examinations in the industrialised countries. CT uses stuffy X-rays in a thin nondivergent beam to produce cross sectional images of the body. The X-ray tube and an array of detectors mounted within a backing framework, rotate round the patient with each scan. CT produces digitalized images, although these are usually printed onto hard copy word-painting in a format that is useful for transportation system and viewing throughout the hospital.By electronic means CT improves via a higher contrast sensitivity, the natural radiological contrast between organs. However, it cannot create contrast where none exists naturally. CT is exceptionally sensitive to contrast media and can detect abnormalities, caused by disease, following an injection of an intravenous dose of contrast medium. This procedure is known as enhancing the scan. About 43% of all CT procedures involve the use of a contrast medium. CT is widely used throughout the body but the most frequently investigated areas using this technique are neuroradiology (brain and lumbar spine) and general radiology of the chest, abdomen and pelvis. It is particularly useful for the diagnosis, staging and follow up of cancerous disease.4. MyelographyThe spinal cord and the attendant nerve-roots which radiate from it cannot be visualised using conventional X-rays alone without the use of contrast media. They can be visualised immediately using magnetic resonance imaging (magnetic resonance imaging). They can be visualised if contrast medium is injected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which surrounds the spinal cord, rendering the CSF radiopaque but not the cord of nerve roots. Specific contrast media have been developed for this examination. The majority of myelograms (or radiculograms) were performed to examine the lumbar region to confirm the clinical disbelief of a prolapsed intervertebral disc. However, CT and MRI have now largely replaced myelography as the initial investigation of the lumbar spine. Myelography, particularly combined with CT examine is still used however to investigate the cord and cervical region and its nerve roots in difficult representatives when other investigations are equivocal or normal.Interventional Techniques/ProcedureMany radiologists are now specialised in remediation procedures that have bee developed from radiological diagnostic techniques using catheters and guidewires. These procedures includeThe dilation of pathologically narrowed arteries angioplasty, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA).The deliberate occlusion of arteries supplying abnormal areas such as tumours, aneurysms and vascular malformations, so depriving them of their blood supply.The placement of artificial tubes or stents into blood vessels, bile ducts or ureters to bypass a pathological narrowing. These procedures ofttimes necessitate the use of high doses of contrast medium, because several examinations of the same vessels may be demand during the control of the therapeutic process.Safety of Contrast MediaContrast media are among the safest of all of the pharmaceutical increases available to the dilute today. They are anomalous in that they are not intended to have therapeutic activity indeed, the ideal contrast medium would have no pharmacological activity at all. For this reason the concept of therapeutic ration, which can be applied to medicines, does not apply to contrast media. The development of a contrast medium from the fir st design of the molecule through to product licence takes many years. The minimum purpose of time that can reasonably be allotted to preclinical and clinical development is six years, and in practice it is not uncommon to take nine years or even more. During this long period, the tolerance of the medium is rigorously examineed by collecting entropy from various preclinical and clinical trials to establish a profile for the product. One critical area examined during its development is the incidence of adverse reactions. The rate of adverse reactions to iodized contrast media on the market is extremely low, but such reactions do occur just as they do with e genuinely pharmaceutical product. The adverse reactions associated with contrast media can be divided into two groups Those reactions that are clearly dependent on the dose and concentration of the contrast medium administered and those that are almost unaffiliated of dose and concentration.Dose-dependent adverse reactions ar e mostly due to the physiochemical effects of the contrast medium, such as its osmolality, or electrical charge. Possible adverse reactions include heat, pain, vasodilation, cardiac depression and hypotension. The adverse reactions which are almost independent of dose and concentration are nausea and vomiting as well as allergy-like or hypersensitized reactions such a urticaria (hives), certain cardiovascular reactions, bronchospasm and laryngospasm, but there is little evidence of any antigenantibody interaction. These reactions cannot be figureed and their underlying cause remains unknown.For clinical purposes it is meaningful to divide contrast media reactions into three categoriesMinor e.g. Flushing, nausea, vomiting, pruritis, mild rash, arm painModerate e.g. More double- discolourd(a) urticaria, facial oedema, hypotension, bronchospasmSevere e.g. Hypotensive shock, laryngeal oedema, convulsions, respiratory and cardiac arrestMost contrast media reactions are minor and need no treatment. Moderate reactions are encountered rarely (about 1%) and exhausting reactions very rarely (about 0.1%), but all moderate and severe reactions require adequate treatment. Deaths following contrast media administration are extremely rare. Reported mortality rank vary between 1 in 10,000 and 1 in 169,000 averaging around 1 in 75,000. Katayama et al. (Radiology 1990 175 621-628) found that there is a reduction in adverse reaction rate of about four times using low osmolar contrast media (LOCM) for intravenous injection compared to high osmolar contrast media (HOCM).There is surprisingly no documented difference in mortality between intravenous LOCM and HOCM in large series from Japan and Australia. It is not usually possible to predict severe reactions, even by looking at the effect of a small test dose of a contrast medium. Guidelines have been produced for the use of low osmolar contrast genes.RiskRenal adverse reactionsContrast media-induced nephropathy is defined a s impairment in renal function (an increase in blood serum creatinine by 25% or 44mol/L (0.5mg/dL) occurring within 3 days following the intravascular administration of contrast media in the absence of an alternative aetiologyRisk factors include raised s-creatinine levels particularly secondary to diabetic nephropathy, dehydration, congestive heart sorrow, age over 70 years old, concurrent administration of toxic drugs, e.g., non-steroidal ant-inflammatory drugsSystematically impelling1. Adequate hydration in terms of oral fluid intake or intravenous normal saline (depending on the clinical situation) at least 100 ml per hour starting 4 hours before to 24 hours after contrast administration is recommended. Concurrent administration of nephrotoxic drugs should be stopped for at least 24 hours. High osmolar contrast media, large doses of contrast media, or multiple studies with contrast media within a short period of time should be avoided. Alternative imaging techniques that do not require the administration of iodinated contrast media should be considered. Recent work in preventing and improve contrast medium-induced nephropathy with N-acetyl cysteine 4-6 and various hydration regimens including use of sodium bicarbonate has been promising but is not conclusive yet. No measure has yet resulted in turning away of its occurrence in all patients.Non-renal adverse reactions.These are generally classified as idiosyncratic or chemotoxic. Idiosyncratic (i.e., anaphylactoid) reactions occur unpredictably and independently of the dose and concentration of the agent. Most anaphylactic reactions relate to the release of active mediators. Conversely, chemotoxic-type effects relate to the dose, the molecular toxicity of each agent, and the physiologic characteristics of the contrast agents (i.e., osmolality, viscosity, hydrophilicity, calcium fecundation properties, and sodium content). Chemotoxic-type effects are more likely in patients who are debilitated or med ically unstable2. Acute reactions to contrast media can be divided into minor, intermediate, and severe life-threatening. Minor reactions include flushing, nausea, arm pain, pruritus, vomiting, headache, and mild urticaria. Such reactions are usually mild in severity, of short duration, selflimiting and generally require no specific treatment. Intermediate reactions are more serious degrees of the same symptoms, moderate degrees of hypotension, and bronchospasm. The reactions usually respond readily to appropriate therapy. Severe life-threatening reactions include severe manifestations of all the symptoms described as minor and intermediate reactions, plus convulsions, unconsciousness, laryngeal oedema, severe bronchospasm, pulmonary oedema, severe cardiac dysrhythmias and arrest, cardiovascular and pulmonary collapse. The prevalence of adverse reactions with lowosmolar contrast media is little than with high-osmolar contrast media by a factor of 5-6. Lethal reactionsrarely occur. The actual risk of death is less than one in 130,000 at most3. The incidence of severe adverse reactions increases in patients with previous contrast medium reaction, bronchial asthma and allergy requiring medical treatment. Premedication with corticosteroid prophylaxis has been proved safe and effective in preventing minor adverse events in high-risk patients when ionic agents are used4. The data indicating a protective effect of corticosteroid prophylaxis are less established when non-ionic agents are used. Opinion is divided about the value of premedication when nonionic agents are used. Even if it is given, there is a wide variety of regimes with different doses, number of doses, and frequency for corticosteroid prophylaxis.5. A variety of symptoms (e.g. nausea, vomiting, headache, itching, skin rash, musculoskeletal pains, fever) have been described, but many are unrelated to the contrast medium. Allergy-like skin reactions are welldocumented side effects of contrast media, wit h an incidence of approximately 2%. Most late skin reactions after contrast medium exposure are probably T-cellmediated supersensitized reactions. Patients at increased risks are those with history of previous contrast medium reaction and those undergoing interleukin-2 treatment. Most skin reactions are usually mild to moderate, selflimiting and likely settle down within a week. Treatment is symptomatic and similar to the treatment of other druginduced skin reactions.Extravasation of contrast hearty is a well-recognised complication. The inlet of automated power injection has increased the incidence because power injection may result in extravasation of large volumes in a short period of time and may lead to severe tissue damage.Intravenous UrographyIntroductionIntravenous urography is a radiographic study of theurinary systemusing an intravenous contrast agent (dye). It is a medical procedure used to visualise the kidney and lower urinary tract to help diagnose problems such as infections. A contrast dye is injected into a vein on your hand or arm, and then x-rays are taken. The dye helps to outline more clearly the structure of the kidneys and lower urinary tract. Thekidneys excrete the contrast into the urine, which becomes visible when x rayed (radiopaque), creating images of the urinary collection system. An intravenous urogram is ordered to demonstrate the structure and function of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Patients complaining of abdominal pain radiating to the back may require this exam to rule outkidney stones. Hematuria may also be an indication of kidney stones,infection, or tumors. Patients with high blood pressure (hypertension) and recurrent bladder infections may also require an intravenous urogram (but hypertension usually is imaged with MRA or nuclear medicine imagery and this exam is done when renal artery stenosis is the suspected cause of refractory hypertension). Sometimes the exam is ordered to evaluate the function of the k idney in a renal transplant patient. The transplanted kidney is located in the iliac fossa, so special films of the pelvis area are done instead of the normal routine views. The radiographic technologist may also be needed to take x rays in the operating room when a retrograde pyelogram is ordered by a urologist during a C and P (cystoscopyand pyelography). attributeA normal intravenous urogram indicates no visible abnormality in the structure or function of the urinary system. The radiologist looks for a smooth non-lobulated outline of each kidney, no clubbing or other abnormality of the renal calyces (collecting system), and no abnormal fluid collection in the kidneys that could suggest obstruction. The ureters essential contain no filling defects (stones) or deviations due to an adjacent tumor. The bladder must have a smooth outline and empty normally as pictured on the post-void film. Abnormal results include hydronephrosis (distension of the renal pelvis and calices due to ob struction) as a result of tumors or calculi (stones). Cysts or abscesses may also be stage in the urinary system. A delay in renal function can also indicate renal disease. An abnormal amount of urine in the bladder after voiding may indicate prostate or bladder problems. Intravenous urograms are often done on children to rule out a rapid developing tumor in the kidneys, called a Wilms tumor. Children are also prone to infections of the bladder and kidneys due to urinary reflux (return back-flow of urine).ProcedureThe patient will be required to deviate into a hospital gown and empty his or her bladder. The x-ray technologist will verify that the patient has followed the intestine preparation and complete a detailed questionnaire on the current medical history of the patient. This includes previous contrast reactions, knownallergies, risks ofpregnancy, and current medications. The x-ray technologist will explain the exam in detail to the patient as well as the risks of the contr ast material that will be injected intravenously. All departments require that the patient sign a consent form before the examination is started. The x-ray technologist will relay this information to the radiologist who will decide on what type of contrast will be used. Patients who have had an injection with no reaction can be given less expensive iodine found contrast, whereas patients who take variousheartmedications or those with known allergies orasthma will be injected with a more expensive contrast agent (known as non-ionic contrast) that has fewer side effects. Some departments use the non-ionic contrast exclusively.The patient will be instructed to lie supine (face-up) on the x-ray table and a front KUB will be done. This is an abdominal view of the kidneys, ureter, and bladder used to verify patient preparation, centering, and the radiographic technique needed to demonstrate all the required structures.Kidney stones may or may not be estimated on the preliminary film. T he x-ray technologist prepares the required amount of contrast to be used depending on the weight of the patient (1 ml per pound). This is normally 50-75 cc of contrast for an average-sized patient. The contrast will be injected all at once (bolus injection) or in some cases, through an intravenous drip. Some radiologists prefer to start an intravenous drip with saline as a precautionary measure while others inject with a small butterfly needle. The needle usually remains in place for 10-15 transactions, in case more contrast is needed or in case drugs need to be administered because of an allergic reaction. Most reactions occur immediately but some can take place 10 or 15 minutes after the injection.The first film is taken immediately after the injection to see a detail of the renal outline (nephrogram). Films are usually taken at five-minute intervals depending on the routine of the radiologist. Compression may be applied to the lower abdomen with a wide band to keep the contrast material in the kidneys longer. This creates a more detailed image of the renal collecting system. When the compression is released after approximately 10 minutes the contrast material drains promptly and a detailed, filled image of the ureters is obtained. Films done in the upright or prone (face-down) position may also be ordered to better visualize the lower ureters. Some departments require routine renal tomographic images to be done as well when the kidneys are well visualized. This allows the kidneys to be seen free of gas or fecal shadows. Sometimes the radiologist requires oblique views of the kidneys or bladder to determine the exact location of calculi (stones). At approximately 20 minutes after the injection a film centered on the bladder may be required. The x-ray tube is angled slightly caudad (towards the feet) so that there is no superimposition of the pubic area of the pelvis over the bladder. The films are shown to the radiologist and if no further films are neces sary the patient will be asked to void (urinate) and a post-void film will be taken. The exam can take from 30 minutes to one hour depending on the number of films required. If the kidney is obstructed, delayed films may be required to complete the exam.Patient careThe x-ray technologist must work in conjunction with the doctors and nurses in making sure the patient has not had a previous allergic reaction to a contrast agent. All hospitals have an emergency team ready to react in such a situation, so the technologist must be aware of the procedure to follow when assistance is necessary due to a severe reaction. Details of patient preparation must also be communicated to the hospital wards. In some hospitals the radiologic technologists are trained to give injections, but if this is not the case nurses may be asked to install an intravenous drip before the patient is brought to the radiology department.The x-ray technologist must explain the risks of an allergic reaction to each pat ient even though severe reactions are extremely rare due to the advances made in the preparation of contrast agents. The x-ray technologist explains to the patient that a warm, flushed feeling or a metallictastein the mouth are normal reactions in some patients. Breathing instructions are also important since the kidneys change position depending on the phase of respiration and to prevent motion artifacts. Sometimes an emergency patient with renal colic (acute abdominal pain) is asked to urinate through a special filter used to trap small stones. All radiographic technologists must be certified and registered with the American Society of Radiologic Technologists or an equivalent organization. continue education credits are mandatory to remain registered.Risk and side effectSome of the side effects and possible complications including minor reactions to the contrast dye. It may include flushing, warmth and a metallic taste in the mouth. These usually resolve quickly. These symptoms a re much less common with the newer contrast dyes. Some patient might experience severe allergic reactions. It may occur in a small percentage of the population. Symptoms range from relatively mild to severe, and can include hives (skin rash), breathing difficulties, swelling of the lips and tongue, low blood pressure and loss of consciousness. There is case when a patient experienced acute renal failurebut it occurs in less than 0.5 per cent of cases. Risk factors include advanced age, diabetes, dehydration and a past history of kidney disease. For patients with these risk factors, extra intravenous fluids, pre-treatment with acetylcysteine, and a reduced dose of contrast dye may be recommended, or they may undergo different procedures altogether.Problems that foundThere are several limitations of ultrasonography, CT, and MRI lack of visual image for large portions of the urinary tract with ultrasonography, necessity of contrast agent administration and excretory images with CT, in ability to visualize subtle urothelial abnormalities with sufficient spacial resolution with both CT and MRI, and insufficiency in visualizing calcifications with MRI1. Additional disadvantages of MRI are inconspicuousness of small intrarenal calculi, susceptibility artifact due to metallic objects that interfere with the visualization of ureteral segments, flow-related artifact in some sequences, and interference of hemorrhage into renal collecting system with static-fluid MR urography8. The patient effective dose, and therefore radiation risk, of CT urography is 1.5 times that of conventional urography. The increased radiation risk from a CT urography compared with an IVU should be considered in the context of the amount of information that is necessary for the diagnostic task. Radiation risk is increased for smaller patients in CT urography and for larger patients in IVU5. Although CT falls short of IVU in the evaluation of urothelium, helical CT technology continues to evolve w ith introduction of multidetector row scanning (MDCT)3,9 MDCT may eventually replace IVU for the evaluation of hematuria2,4. Finally, there is not an optimum or ideal examination technique for CT urography10 or MR urography. Examination techniques must be constructed according to suspected pathology of the patient and urinary system status.Although advances in imaging technology have given CT and MR urography advantages over IVU, many centers still use IVU as a part of routine radiological practice. Therefore, techniques or modifications for improving application and diagnostic capabilities of IVU should still be considered.For decades, intravenous urography has been the primary imaging modality for evaluation of the urinary tract. In recent years, however, other imaging modalities including ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging have been used with increasing frequency to compensate for the limitations of intravenous urography in the eva luation of urinary tract disease . Like intravenous urography, however, these examinations have their limitations. Large portions of the urinary tract are not visualized at US CT requires contrast material administration and excretory images (at times with a prolonged delay), often with image reformatting for evaluation of the urothelium and MR imaging may not demonstrate calcifications or show the urothelium with sufficient resolution for evaluation of subtle abnormalities. Thus, despite increasing use of these alternative modalities, the ideal global urinary tract examination remains controversial . Axial imaging with contrast material opacification of the urinary tract will likely evolve as the most efficient imaging evaluation. However, the declining use of intravenous urography in clinical practice reduces the opportunity to learn important instructive skills. Formal urography (or the urographic equivalent of conventional radiography of the urinary tract following administrati on of contrast material for CT) is frequently performed in the evaluation of hematuria. Urography may also be performed in the pre- or posttherapeutic evaluation of stone disease that has been discovered with other modalities.BARIUM SWALLOWIntroductionA barium swallow and meal is type of X-ray test that allows your doctor to examine your throat, oesophagus (the pipe that goes from your mouth to your stomach), stomach and the first part of the bowel (duodenum).X-rays usually pass straight through parts of the gut such as the oesophagus, stomach and bowel and so these structures dont show up well on plain X-ray images. However, if the gut wall is coated with barium, a white liquid that X-rays cant pass through, a much clearer image of the outline of the gut can be captured.If your stomach is being examined, the test is called a barium meal. If your oesophagus is examined at the same time, its called having a barium swallow and meal.A barium swallow and meal test can help work out wh y youre getting symptoms such as difficult or painful swallowing, heartburn, reflux and abdominal pain. The tests give your doctor information about the swallowing action, and